Dietary Lycopene and Disease Risk
Bladder Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: bladder |
Hung RJ |
Protective effects of plasma carotenoids on the risk of bladder cancer. |
2006 |
PURPOSE: We examined the associations between plasma micronutrients and bladder cancer risk, and evaluated the RESULTS: Based on quartiles of plasma micronutrient levels and continuous variables, adjusted ORs were estimated for When using plasma levels of micronutrients as continuous variables, the adjusted OR was 0.22 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.92) for CONCLUSIONS: Our results show protective effects of carotenoids on bladder cancer. They suggest that bladder cancer may be a preventable disease through nutritional intervention, especially in smokers. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-)/N |
Breast Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: breast |
Potischman N |
Breast cancer and dietary and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin A. |
1990 |
A case-control study of breast cancer was conducted in Buffalo. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire
and donated a fasting blood sample before definitive workup for breast masses. Dietary and plasma concentrations of
carotenoids and retinol for 83 women found to have breast cancer were compared with those of 113 women found to be
free of breast cancer (control subjects). There were no case-control differences in dietary estimates of vitamin A intake |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: breast |
Zhang S |
Measurement of retinoids and carotenoids in breast adipose tissue and a comparison of concentrations in breast cancer cases and control subjects. |
1997 |
A case-control study of the associations of retinoids and specific carotenoids with breast cancer using concentrations of these nutrients in breast adipose tissue was conducted among women attending a breast clinic in the Boston area in 1989-1992. Breast adipose tissue was collected during breast biopsy. Cases (n = 46) were women whose biopsies revealed invasive or
in situ breast cancer; control subjects (n = 63) were women whose biopsies revealed benign disease. We observed inverse
associations between breast adipose concentrations of retinoids and carotenoids and risk of breast cancer, although not all
were statistically significant. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio comparing women above the median value of the control
group for retinol with those below or equal to the median was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.93; NS); corresponding odds ratios were
0.61 (95% CI: 0.23, 1.64; NS) for retinyl palmitate, 0.30 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.85) for beta-carotene, 0.32 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.94) for
lycopene, and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.27, 1.73; NS) for lutein/zeaxanthin. There was a nonsignificant positive correlation (r = 0.23,
P = 0.15) between breast adipose tissue concentrations of retinol and dietary intake of preformed vitamin A, including |
CC tissue |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: breast |
Dorgan JF |
Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States) |
1998 |
To evaluate relationships of serum carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and retinol with breast cancer prospectively, we
conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort from the Breast Cancer Serum Bank in Columbia, Missouri (United States).
Women free of cancer donated blood to this bank in 1977-87. During up to 9.5 years of follow-up (median = 2.7 years), 105 |
CC nested |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: breast |
Ito Y |
A study on serum carotenoid levels in breast cancer patients of Indian women in Chennai (Madras), India. |
1999 |
Two-hundred and six breast cancer cases were histologically confirmed breast cancer diagnoses at the Cancer Institute
in Chennai (Madras), India. One-hundred and fifty hospital controls were patients who had cancer at any site other than
breast and gynecological organs, and 61 healthy controls were persons accompanying patients in the Cancer Institute.
Serum levels of carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin & lutein were determined |
CC serum |
|
|
|
N? |
|
Cancer: breast |
Simon MS |
An Evaluation of Plasma Antioxidant Levels and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Pilot Case Control Study. |
2000 |
Antioxidant micronutrients found in fruits and vegetables have been shown in numerous studies to be protective against
cancer. There is limited information on the relationship between blood antioxidant micronutrient levels and cancer among
ethnic minorities. We conducted a pilot case-control study to evaluate the potential for accrual to a study of the
association of plasma levels of beta-carotene, retinol, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol with breast |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: breast |
Hulten K |
Carotenoids, alpha-tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden. |
2001 |
OBJECTIVE: Using a nested case-referent design we evaluated the relationship between plasma levels of six carotenoids,
alpha-tocopherol, and retinol, sampled before diagnosis, and later breast cancer risk. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of carotenoids were positively intercorrelated. In analysis of three cohorts as a group
none of the carotenoids was found to be significantly related to the risk of developing breast cancer. Similarly, no
significant associations between breast cancer risk and plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol or retinol were found. However,
in postmenopausal women from a mammography cohort with a high number of prevalent cases, lycopene was significantly CONCLUSION: In conclusion, no significant associations were found between plasma levels of carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol
or retinol and breast cancer risk in analysis of three combined cohorts. However, results from stratified analysis by cohort
membership and menopausal status suggest that lycopene and other plasma-carotenoids may reduce the risk of developing |
CC nested |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: breast |
Toniolo P |
Serum carotenoids and breast cancer. |
2001 |
The consumption of vegetables and fruit may protect against many types of cancer, but research evidence is not
compelling for breast cancer. Carotenoids are pigments that are present in most plants and have known antioxidant
properties. Blood concentrations of carotenoids have been proposed as integrated biochemical markers of vegetable,
fruit, and synthetic supplements consumed. In a case-control study (270 cases, 270 controls) nested within a cohort |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N? |
|
Cancer: breast |
Ching S |
Serum levels of micronutrients, antioxidants and total antioxidant status predict risk of breast cancer in a case control study. |
2002 |
We performed a case control study to assess the association between serum micronutrient and antioxidant levels and the risk
of breast cancer. Newly diagnosed breast cancer cases were recruited before any treatment and matched with controls
randomly selected from the electoral roll. Blood samples were collected from 153 breast cancer cases and 151 controls. |
CC |
|
|
|
N? |
|
Cancer: breast |
Sato R |
Prospective study of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinoid concentrations and the risk of breast cancer. |
2002 |
Previous prospective studies have raised the possibility that the antioxidantproperties of carotenoids and vitamin E
(alpha-tocopherol) and the role of vitamin A (retinol) in cellular differentiation may be associated with a reduced risk of
subsequent breast cancer. To investigate the association between serum and plasma concentrations of retinol, retinyl
palmitate, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, total-carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, and |
CC nested |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: breast |
Sesso HD |
Dietary and plasma lycopene and the risk of breast cancer. |
2005 |
Lycopene is potentially effective in the prevention of breast cancer from laboratory and observational studies. Among
39,876 women initially free of cardiovascular disease and cancer, we first conducted a prospective cohort study of
dietary lycopene and its food sources. Participants completed a baseline food frequency questionnaire and provided
self-reports of breast cancer risk factors. Dietary lycopene levels were divided into quintiles, and lycopene food sources
were categorized. During 9.9 years of follow-up, 1,076 breast cancer cases were confirmed by medical record review.
In a nested case-control study, we then identified 508 breast cancer cases and 508 controls matched by age, smoking, |
PC |
|
N |
|
N |
Diet lyco + food sources |
Cancer: breast |
Tamimi RM |
Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and risk of breast cancer. |
2005 |
The roles of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols in breast cancer etiology have been inconclusive. The authors |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: breast |
Thomson CA |
Plasma and dietary carotenoids are associated with reduced oxidative stress in women previously treated for breast cancer. |
2007 |
Dietary carotenoids show numerous biological activities, including antioxidant activity, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of
mammary cell proliferation. Studies examining the role of carotenoid consumption in relation to breast cancer recurrence are |
CS |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: breast |
Dorjgochoo T |
Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, retinol and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women Health Study (SWHS). |
2009 |
Evidence from some previous studies suggests that lipophilic antioxidants, particularly carotenoids, may reduce the risk
of breast cancer. We prospectively investigated the associations of plasma levels of tocopherols, retinol, carotenoids with
the risk of developing breast cancer among Chinese women. We conducted a study of 365 incident breast cancer cases |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: breast |
Kabat GC |
Longitudinal study of serum carotenoid, retinol, and tocopherol concentrations in relation to breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. |
2009 |
BACKGROUND: Prospective studies have examined the association of serum and plasma carotenoids and micronutrients
and breast cancer; however, to date, studies have only assessed exposure at one point in time. ESIGN: Serum concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein + zeaxanthin, retinol,
alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol were measured in a 6% sample of women in the Women's Health Initiative clinical
trials at baseline and at years 1, 3, and 6 and in a 1% sample of women in the observational study at baseline and at year 3. RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, risk of invasive breast cancer was inversely associated with baseline serum
alpha-carotene concentrations (hazard ratio for highest compared with the lowest tertile: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.90; P = 0.02)
and positively associated with baseline lycopene (hazard ratio: 1.47; 95% CI: 0.98, 2.22; P = 0.06). Analysis of repeated
measurements indicated that alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were inversely associated with breast cancer and that
gamma-tocopherol was associated with increased risk. |
PC |
|
|
|
(+) |
|
Cancer: breast |
Tamimi RM |
Circulating carotenoids, mammographic density, and subsequent risk of breast cancer. |
2009 |
Mammographic density is one of the strongest predictors of breast cancer risk. Recently, it has been suggested that
reactive oxygen species may influence breast cancer risk through its influence on mammographic density. In the current
study, we addressed this hypothesis and also assessed if the association between carotenoids and breast cancer risk
varies by mammographic density. We conducted a nested case-control study consisting of 604 breast cancer cases and |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cervical Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: cervical |
Potischman N |
A case-control study of nutrient status and invasive cervical cancer. II. Serologic indicators. |
1991 |
A study of 387 cases and 670 controls from four Latin American countries evaluated the hypothesis that lower serum levels
of eight micronutrients were associated with a higher risk of invasive cervical cancer. The serologic analyses were restricted
to a sample of subjects with stage I and II disease to minimize effects of the disease on the serologic markers. Ninety-four
percent of eligible subjects donated blood samples, which were analyzed for carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols by
high-pressure liquid chromatography. Cases did not differ significantly from controls in mean serum levels of retinol,
cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, lutein, or alpha-tocopherol. The mean level of beta-carotene was lower and the |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: cervical |
VanEenwyk J |
Dietary and serum carotenoids and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. |
1991 |
A case-control study examined the association between cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and serum and dietary
alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene. Cases (n = 102) had biopsy confirmed CIN I, II or III. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Batieha AM |
Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of cervical cancer in a population-based nested case-control study. |
1993 |
A nested case-control study was conducted in Washington County, MD, to determine whether low serum micronutrients are
related to the subsequent risk of cervical cancer. Among the 15,161 women who donated blood for future cancer research
during a serum collection campaign in 1974, 18 developed invasive cervical cancer and 32 developed carcinoma in situ during |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Potischman N |
The relations between cervical cancer and serological markers of nutritional status. |
1994 |
We evaluated whether differences in serological nutrient indicators between cases and controls were likely to be due to different
usual levels for cases or to altered metabolism due to disease. Blood samples obtained as part of a case-control study of
invasive cervical cancer conducted in Latin America were evaluated for case-control differences and for trends with stage of
disease. Serum alpha- and beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol showed no trend with extent of
disease, although Stage IV cases had lower alpha- and beta-carotene values than did other cases. A slight trend of decreasing |
CC |
|
|
|
N? |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Palan PR |
Plasma levels of beta-carotene, lycopene, canthaxanthin, retinol, and alpha- and tau-tocopherol in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. |
1996 |
Epidemiological studies continue to identify an association of dietary antioxidant micronutrients in cancer prevention.
A number of case-control and cohort studies have demonstrated a relationship between high intake of foods rich in
carotenoids, tocopherols, and vitamin C with a reduced risk of certain human malignancies. The purpose of this study
was to investigate the comparative plasma levels of a profile of known dietary antioxidants, namely, beta-carotene,
lycopene, canthaxanthin, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and tau-tocopherol. The target population was women with a |
CS |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Giuliano AR |
Antioxidant nutrients: associations with persistent human papillomavirus infection. |
1997 |
Research from the past several years has definitively shown intermediate and high risk-type human papillomavirus (HPV) infection to play a significant role in cervical carcinogenesis. Persistent compared with intermittent infection appears to confer an elevated risk, and cofactors may be necessary to allow the virus to progress to cervical cancer. We explored the association between circulating concentrations of the antioxidant nutrients (alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and ascorbate) and persistent HPV infection among 123 low-income Hispanic women who were all nonsmokers and were not currently using vitamin and mineral supplements. In addition, the association between these nutrients and grade of cervical pathology, independent of HPV status, was assessed. Intermediate and high risk-type HPV infection was assessed by the Digene Hybrid Capture System at two time points, 3 months apart. At the second interview, cytology, colposcopy, and a fasting blood draw were conducted. Mean concentrations of serum and plasma antioxidant nutrients were calculated within categories of HPV status (two times HPV negative, one time HPV positive, and two times HPV positive) and colposcopy. Adjusted mean concentrations of serum beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were on average 24% (P < 0.05) lower among women two times HPV positive compared with either two times HPV negative or one time HPV positive. Independent of HPV status, alpha-tocopherol was significantly inversely associated with grade of cervical dysplasia (normal, 21.57 microM; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III, 17.27 microM). The results obtained in this study need to be confirmed in larger cohort studies with a longer follow-up period. |
CS |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Goodman MT |
The association of plasma micronutrients with the risk of cervical dysplasia in Hawaii. |
1998 |
Limited data from hematological studies suggest that certain nutrients, including carotenoids, tocopherols, and vitamin C, may
protect against malignant change in cervical tissue. Recognizing that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection induces most
neoplastic transformation of cervical tissue, the authors conducted a case-control study to examine the association of plasma
micronutrient concentrations with the risk of cervical dysplasia after careful adjustment for HPV infection, using a sensitive and
reliable HPV detection method. The sample included 147 multiethnic women, between 18 and 65 years of age, with
biopsy-confirmed squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) of the cervix and 191 clinic controls identified between 1992 and 1996.
Cases were identified through cytology and pathology logs in three clinics on Oahu, Hawaii. Controls were selected randomly |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Peng YM |
Concentrations of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol in paired plasma and cervical tissue of patients with cervical cancer, precancer, and noncancerous diseases. |
1998 |
Paired blood (collected after an overnight fast) and cervical tissue (cancerous, precancerous, and noncancerous) samples were
obtained from 87 patients (age, 21-86 years) who had a hysterectomy or biopsy due to cervical cancer, precancer (cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia I, II, and III), or noncancerous diseases. The samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid |
CC serum + tissue |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Nagata C |
Serum carotenoids and vitamins and risk of cervical dysplasia from a case-control study in Japan. |
1999 |
The relationships between risk of cervical dysplasia and dietary and serum carotenoids and vitamins were investigated in a
case-control study. Cases were 156 women who attended Papanicolaou test screening in nine institutes affiliated with Japan |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Schiff MA |
Serum carotenoids and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Southwestern American Indian women. |
2001 |
The objective of this research was to evaluate the association between serum carotenoids and cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia (CIN) among Southwestern American Indian women. Cases were American Indian women with biopsy-proven |
CC |
|
|
|
NR/N |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Sedjo RL |
Vitamin A, carotenoids, and risk of persistent oncogenic human papillomavirus infection. |
2002 |
Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main etiologic factor for cervical neoplasia, although infection alone is
insufficient to produce disease. Cofactors such as nutritional factors may be necessary for viral progression to neoplasia. |
PC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Goodman MT |
Hawaii cohort study of serum micronutrient concentrations and clearance of incident oncogenic human papillomavirus infection of the cervix. |
2007 |
The degree to which the resolution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection parallels exposure to other factors, particularly
those related to nutritional status, is a relatively unexplored area of research. We established a cohort of women for long-term
follow-up to examine the association of serum retinol, carotenoid, and tocopherol concentrations with the clearance of incident |
PC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Cho H |
Relationship of serum antioxidant micronutrients and sociodemographic factors to cervical neoplasia: a case-control study. |
2009 |
BACKGROUND: Although there have been some epidemiological studies on the effects of diet and nutritional status on
cervical carcinogenesis, evidence for a protective effect of antioxidant micronutrients against cervical neoplasia is insufficient.
The relationship between serum antioxidant micronutrients and sociodemographic factors and the risk of cervical neoplasia METHODS: The study population included women with histopathological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
(CIN) 1 (n=147), CIN 2/3 (n=177), cervical cancer (n=160), and a control group (n=378). Epidemiological data were RESULTS: Cervical cancer was found to be associated with older age, increased body mass index, and lower
socioeconomic status as measured by education level and income. The mean serum concentrations of beta-carotene, |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: cervical |
Tong SY |
Functional polymorphism in manganese superoxide dismutase and antioxidant status: their interactions on the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. |
2009 |
OBJECTIVE: Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), the primary antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria, plays a key
role in protecting cells from oxidative stress. Furthermore, the MnSOD rs4880 polymorphism is associated with enzyme |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
MnSOD |
Cancer: cervical |
Tomita LY |
Diet and serum micronutrients in relation to cervical neoplasia and cancer among low-income Brazilian women. |
2010 |
Cervical cancer is a leading cancer among women in developing countries. Infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus
(HPV) types has been recognized as a necessary cause of this disease. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols have also
been associated with risk for cervical neoplasia, but results from previous studies were not consistent. We evaluated the
association of serum total carotene and tocopherols, and dietary intakes with the risk of newly diagnosed, histologically
confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1, 2, 3 and invasive cancer in a hospital-based case-control study
in São Paulo, Brazil. The investigation included 453 controls and 4 groups of cases (CIN1, n = 140; CIN2, n = 126; CIN3, |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Colorectal Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: colorectal |
Pappalardo G |
Plasma (carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol) and tissue (carotenoids) levels after supplementation with beta-carotene in subjects with precancerous and cancerous lesions of sigmoid colon. |
1997 |
OBJECTIVES: (1) To compare tissue and plasma carotenoids status of healthy subjects and subjects with pre-cancer and
cancer lesions; (2) to evaluate the effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the concentrations of other carotenoids in tissue DESIGN: Eighteen subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of colonoscopy and histological analytical findings:
four healthy subjects (control group A); seven subjects affected by adenomatous polyps (group B with pre-cancer lesions);
seven subjects suffering from colonic cancer (group C). Blood and colonic biopsy samples were taken (of colon and rectal
mucosa) before and after beta-carotene supplementation in all subjects. Groups A and B received a daily dose of beta-carotene RESULTS: The tissue concentrations of each carotenoid were similar in all the intestinal sites examined as regards groups
A and B, although there was a high degree of intra individual variability within each group. Only beta-carotene made
significant increases (P < 0.001) after supplementation. The subjects with cancer show tissue levels for each carotenoid CONCLUSIONS: The patients with colonic cancer seemed to undergo a significant reduction in their antioxidant reserves with
respect to the normal subjects and or polyps. We can confirm that oral B-carotene supplementation induces also an increase |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
weakness |
Cancer: colorectal |
Erhardt JG |
Lycopene, beta-carotene, and colorectal adenomas. |
2003 |
BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies found that high tomato intakes reduce the risk of colorectal cancers. This beneficial effect is assumed to be caused by high intakes of lycopene, a carotenoid with strong antioxidant activity that is present predominantly in tomatoes. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the relation between plasma lycopene concentrations and colorectal adenomas, the precursors formost colorectal cancers. In addition, the concentrations of 2 other antioxidants, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, were measured. DESIGN: White subjects undergoing a complete colonoscopy were included in the study (73 with adenomas, 63 without any
polyps, and 29 with hyperplastic polyps). A detailed dietary history and information on alcohol consumption and smoking |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: colorectal |
Ito Y |
Cancer mortality and serum levels of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol: a population-based follow-up study of inhabitants of a rural area of Japan. |
2005 |
A total of 3,182 subjects (1,239 males and 1,943 females) aged from 39y to 79y, were recruited from the inhabitants of a rural
area in Japan who participated in health check-up programs from 1988 to 1995. During the 10.5 year follow-up, 287 deaths |
PC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: colorectal |
Leung EY |
Vitamin antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, tumour stage, the systemic inflammatory response and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. |
2008 |
Both the tumour growth and progression and the systemic inflammatory response have the potential to increase oxidative
stress. We therefore examined the relationship between lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins, lipid peroxidation, the systemic
inflammatory response and survival in patients with primary operable (n = 53) and advanced inoperable (n = 53) colorectal |
CC |
|
|
|
|
N |
Endo Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: |
Jeong NH |
Preoperative levels of plasma micronutrients are related to endometrial cancer risk. |
2009 |
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between the plasma concentration of antioxidant micronutrients and endometrial cancer risk in Korean women. DESIGN: Hospital-based case-control study. SETTING: Seven tertiary medical institutes in Korea. METHODS: Preoperative plasma concentrations of beta-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin plus lutein, retinol, alpha-tocopherol,
and gamma-tocopherol were measured by reverse-phase, gradient high-pressure liquid chromatography. Conditional logistic
regression was used to evaluate micronutrient effect after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), menopause, parity, oral MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect of micronutrients on endometrial cancer risk. RESULTS: The mean concentration of plasma beta-carotene (p=0.001), lycopene (p=0.008), zeaxanthin plus lutein (p=0.031),
retinol (p=0.048), and gamma-tocopherol (p=0.046) were significantly lower in endometrial cancer patients than in controls.
Plasma levels of beta-carotene (p for trend=0.0007) and lycopene (p for trend=0.007) were inversely associated with
endometrial cancer risk across tertiles. Women in the highest tertile of plasma beta-carotene and lycopene had a 0.12-fold
(95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.03-0.48) and 0.15-fold (95% CIs 0.04-0.61) decreased risk of endometrial cancer compared CONCLUSIONS: Plasma levels of beta-carotene and lycopene are inversely associated with the risk of endometrial cancer in Korean women. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Gastric Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: gastric |
Tsugane S |
Cross-sectional study with multiple measurements of biological markers for assessing stomach cancer risks at the population level. |
1992 |
A cross-sectional study to determine correlations between measurable biologic markers and mortality from stomach cancer was performed in various areas of Japan. Blood and urine were collected from randomly selected 40- to 49-year-old men and their spouses in four areas with different rates of mortality from stomach cancer. The samples were analyzed for levels of the micronutrients vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, and lycopene in plasma and for levels of NaCl, nitrate, and N-nitrosamino acids (N-nitrosoproline, N-nitrosothioproline [NTPRO] and N-nitrosomethylthioproline [NMTPRO]) in 24-hr urine. A significant, strong correlation was found between the amount of salt excreted in urine and stomach cancer mortality in both men and women. Although the amounts of nitrate and of the three N-nitrosamino acids in 24-hr urine were not correlated with stomach cancer rates, the low excretion levels of NTPRO and NMTPRO in the lowest risk area for stomach cancer were noteworthy, regardless of the high level of nitrate excretion in the same area. This suggests a lesser degree of endogenous nitrosation in the body. No protective effect of micronutrients was observed in this correlation study; there was, however, a negative correlation between plasma lycopene level and stomach cancer mortality. Salt intake was thus confirmed to play an important role in the development of stomach cancer and is likely to be a rate-regulating factor in Japanese populations. N-Nitrosamino acids and lycopene may also be related to stomach cancer mortality. |
CS |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: gastric |
Nomura AM |
Serum micronutrients and upper aerodigestive tract cancer. |
1997 |
Numerous dietary studies have found that vegetables and fruits protect against upper aerodigestive tract cancer. To |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: gastric |
Tsubono Y |
Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in five Japanese populations with varied mortality from gastric cancer. |
1999 |
To examine the geographic associations between plasma antioxidant levels and gastric cancer risk, we conducted an ecological
study in five regions of Japan representing the threefold variation in the disease mortality within the country. Subjects were 634
men aged 40-49 years sampled randomly from the five regions with 72% response rates. Plasma concentrations of five
carotenoids (beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin), alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid were
measured, and the mean levels were correlated with age-adjusted mortality rates from gastric cancer. beta-Carotene and |
Eco |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: gastric |
Nagao T |
Serum antioxidant micronutrients and the risk of oral leukoplakia among Japanese. |
2000 |
A population-based case-control study was designed for the investigation of any association between serum micronutrient levels
and oral leukoplakia. Out of a total of 9536 subjects over the age of 40 years who participated in the oral mucosal screening
programme in Tokoname city, 48 cases detected with oral leukoplakia (38 male:10 female) were recruited. For each case, four
controls matched by age and sex were selected from the same cohort. We examined the fasting serum levels of retinol,
alpha-tocopherol, zeaxanthin and lutein, cryptoxanthin, lycopene and carotenoids (alpha-carotene and beta-carotene) by |
CC |
|
|
|
(-)/N |
|
Cancer: gastric |
Yuan JM |
Prediagnostic levels of serum micronutrients in relation to risk of gastric cancer in Shanghai, China. |
2004 |
Data on blood levels of specific carotenoids and vitamins in relation to gastric cancer are scarce. Little is known about the
relationship between prediagnostic serum levels of carotenoids other than beta-carotene and risk of gastric cancer especially
in non-Western populations. Prediagnostic serum concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin,
lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and vitamin C were determined on 191 cases and
570 matched controls within a cohort of 18,244 middle-aged or older men in Shanghai, China, with a follow-up of 12 years.
High serum levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene were significantly associated with reduced risk of
developing gastric cancer (all Ps for trend </= 0.05); the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest versus the
lowest quartile of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene were 0.38 (0.13-1.11), 0.54 (0.32-0.89), and 0.55 (0.30-1.00), |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: gastric |
Persson C |
Plasma levels of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan: a nested case-control study. |
2008 |
Fruits and vegetables have been suggested to confer protection against diseases such as cancer through the effects of
antioxidants, often represented by carotenoids. We investigated the impact of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol on gastric
cancer development in a large nested case-control study among Japanese with known Helicobacter pylori infection status.
A total of 36 745 subjects aged 40-69 in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study who responded to the
baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples in 1990-1995 were followed until 2004. Plasma levels of carotenoids in |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Head and Neck Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: head and neck |
Djuric Z |
Levels of fat-soluble micronutrients and 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol in head and neck cancer patients. |
2007 |
Smoking negatively affects serum carotenoid levels, and it is a negative prognostic factor for head and neck cancer. In this
study, micronutrient levels were examined in 60 smoking and non-smoking head and neck cancer patients. The goal was
to determine if oxidation of the carotenoid lycopene would occur to a greater extent in smokers. Subjects were drawn from |
CS |
|
|
|
↓ in |
Lower in smokers |
Cancer: head and neck |
Hughes KJ |
Plasma Carotenoids and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with prior Head and Neck Cancer. |
2009 |
Diets high in fruits and vegetables are generally believed protective against several chronic diseases. One suggested
mechanism is a reduction in oxidative stress. The carotenoids, nutrients found in colored fruits and vegetables, possess
antioxidant properties in vitro, but their role in humans is less well documented. The aim of this cross-sectional study
was to explore the relationships between the most abundant plasma carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, |
CS |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: head and neck |
Sakhi AK |
Postradiotherapy plasma lutein, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene are positively associated with survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. |
2010 |
The aim of our study was to compare plasma carotenoids (i.e., biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake) and tocopherols
in 29 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients with 51 healthy controls and to explore the possibility
whether these plasma antioxidants could be related to outcome among patients. The patients' blood samples were taken
at the end of radiotherapy. We observed that plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and total
carotenoids were significantly lower in HNSCC patients than controls. Among the patients, 18 died and 11 were still alive |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
Survival |
Lung Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: lung |
Comstock GW |
The risk of developing lung cancer associated with antioxidants in the blood: ascorbic acid, carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and total peroxyl radical absorbing capacity. |
1997 |
Lung cancer cases diagnosed during the period 1975 through 1993 and matched controls were identified in the rosters of
Washington County, Maryland residents who had donated blood for a serum bank in 1974 or 1989. Plasma from participants in
the 1989 project was assayed for ascorbic acid; serum or plasma was assayed for participants in either project for alpha- and
beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and peroxyl radical absorption capacity.
Among the total group of 258 cases and 515 controls, serum/plasma concentrations were significantly lower among cases
than controls for cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin with case-control differences of -25.5, -17.1, and -10.1%,
respectively. Modest nonsignificant case-control differences in a protective direction were noted for alpha-carotene and
ascorbic acid. There were only trivial differences for lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and peroxyl radical absorption |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: lung |
Yuan JM |
Prediagnostic levels of serum beta-cryptoxanthin and retinol predict smoking-related lung cancer risk in Shanghai, China. |
2001 |
Higher blood levels of beta-carotene have been found to be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, but large intervention trials
have failed to demonstrate reduced lung cancer incidence after prolonged high-dose beta-carotene supplementation. Data on blood
levels of specific carotenoids other than beta-carotene in relation to lung cancer are scarce. Little is known about the relationship
between prediagnostic serum levels of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols, and risk of lung cancer especially in non-Western
populations. Between January 1986 and September 1989, 18,244 men ages 45-64 years participated in a prospective study of diet |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: lung |
Ito Y |
Serum carotenoids and mortality from lung cancer: a case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study. |
2003 |
To investigate whether high serum levels of carotenoids, tocopherols, and folic acid decrease risk of lung cancer in Japanese,
we conducted a case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. A total of 39,140 subjects provided
serum samples at baseline between 1988 and 1990. We identified 147 cases (113 males and 34 females) of death from lung |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: lung |
Comstock GW |
The risk of developing lung cancer associated with antioxidants in the blood: ascorbic acids, carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and total peroxyl radical absorbing capacity. |
2008 |
Lung cancer cases diagnosed during the period 1975 through 1993 and matched controls were identified in the rosters
of Washington County, Maryland residents who had donated blood for a serum bank in 1974 or 1989. Plasma from
participants in the 1989 project was assayed for ascorbic acid; serum or plasma was assayed for participants in either
project for alpha- and beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and peroxyl
radical absorption capacity. Among the total group of 258 cases and 515 controls, serum/plasma concentrations were
significantly lower among cases than controls for cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin with case-control |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: lung |
Klarod K |
Serum antioxidant levels and nutritional status in early and advanced stage lung cancer patients. |
2011 |
OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition frequently occurs in lung cancer patients. We aimed to determine nutritional status and CONCLUSIONS: Significantly lower levels of antioxidants and selenium were found in lung cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Levels of some antioxidants and minerals differed among categories of BMI, SGA categories, or ECOG performance status. These findings may be helpful for further studies, such as the effect of nutritional supplementation on clinical outcomes. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
Low |
Ovarian Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: ovarian |
Jeong NH |
Plasma carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol levels and the risk of ovarian cancer. |
2009 |
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relation between plasma carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol levels and ovarian cancer risk in Korean women. DESIGN: Hospital-based case-control study. SETTING: Six tertiary medical institutes in Korea. POPULATION: Forty-five epithelial ovarian cancers and 135 age-matched controls. METHODS: Preoperative plasma concentrations of beta-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin plus lutein, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol were measured by reverse-phase, gradient high-pressure liquid chromatography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated by tertiles to RESULTS: Women in the highest tertile for beta-carotene had 0.12-times the risk of ovarian cancer of in the lowest tertile |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: ovarian |
Helzlsouer KJ |
Prospective study of serum micronutrients and ovarian cancer. |
1996 |
BACKGROUND: Antioxidant micronutrients, such as alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), the carotenoids, and selenium, may protect against the development of cancer by preventing free radical damage at the cellular level. PURPOSE: A nested case--control study was conducted among donors to a serum bank to examine the association between levels of serum micronutrients and/or cholesterol and the development of ovarian cancer. METHODS: In 1974, sera were collected from 20,305 residents of Washington County, MD, over a 4-month period and stored at
-70 ºC. Serum micronutrient concentrations of women who developed ovarian cancer (case subjects, n = 35) were compared
with those of women who remained free of cancer and who were matched to case subjects on age and menopausal status
(control subjects, n = 67). Serum levels of retinol (vitamin A), alpha- and beta-carotene, lycopene, and alpha- and gamma-
tocopherol were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum selenium (Se) was measured by neutron
activation analysis. Cholesterol was measured by enzymatic assay. The data were categorized into thirds and conditional
logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between prediagnostic serum cholesterol and IMPLICATIONS: Given the small size of this study and the inconsistency of results among the few prospective studies of ovarian cancer conducted to test these associations, replications of these findings are highly desirable. |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Pancreatic Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: pancreatic |
Burney PG |
Serologic precursors of cancer: serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer. |
1989 |
In a nested case-control study the stored, frozen sera from 22 cases of cancer of the pancreas and 44 matched control subjects
were assayed for retinol, retinol-binding protein, total carotenoids, beta-carotene, lycopene, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), and
selenium. Prediagnostic serum levels of lycopene and Se were lower among cases than among matched control subjects.
These differences remained after adjustment was made for possible confounding by smoking, educational level, and the other
measured serum levels. Low levels of serum vitamin E appeared to have a protective effect but a chance association between |
CC nested |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Prostate Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: prostate |
Hsing AW |
Serologic precursors of cancer. Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherol and risk of prostate cancer. |
1990 |
We investigated the associations of serum retinol, the carotenoids beta-carotene and lycopene, and tocopherol (vitamin E) with
the risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study. For the study, serum obtained in 1974 from 25,802 persons in
Washington County, MD, was used. Serum levels of the nutrients in 103 men who developed prostate cancer during the |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Nomura AM |
Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii. |
1997 |
Numerous dietary studies and several serum micronutrient studies have produced equivocal results on the relation of vitamins A
and E to prostate cancer risk. To evaluate this association further, we conducted a nested case-control study in a cohort of
6860 Japanese-American men examined from 1971 to 1975. At the time of examination, a single blood specimen was obtained,
and the serum was frozen. After a surveillance period of more than 20 years, 142 tissue-confirmed incident cases of prostate
cancer were identified. Their stored sera and those of 142 matched controls were measured by high-performance liquid |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Gann PH |
Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. |
1999 |
Dietary consumption of the carotenoid lycopene (mostly from tomato products) has been associated with a lower risk of prostate
cancer. Evidence relating other carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol to prostate cancer risk has been equivocal. This prospective |
CC nested |
|
|
|
(-)/N |
Pbo=(-) |
Cancer: prostate |
Rao AV |
Serum and tissue lycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients: a case-control study. |
1999 |
Dietary intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene, an antioxidant carotenoid, has been shown in recent
studies to reduce the risk of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the serum and prostate tissue lycopene and |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Lu QY |
Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. |
2001 |
Although dietary intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene has been reported to reduce the risk of prostate
cancer, few studies have been done on the relationship between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. |
CC nested |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Vogt TM |
Serum lycopene, other serum carotenoids, and risk of prostate cancer in US Blacks and Whites. |
2002 |
Epidemiologic studies investigating the relation between individual carotenoids and risk of prostate cancer have produced
inconsistent results. To further explore these associations and to search for reasons prostate cancer incidence is over 50%
higher in US Blacks than Whites, the authors analyzed the serum levels of individual carotenoids in 209 cases and 228 controls
in a US multicenter, population-based case-control study (1986-1989) that included comparable numbers of Black men and
White men aged 40-79 years. Lycopene was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (comparing highest with lowest |
CC |
|
|
|
(-)/N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Huang HY |
Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer. |
2003 |
Antioxidant micronutrients may have hemopreventive effects. The authors examined the associations between prediagnostic
blood levels of micronutrients and prostate cancer risk in two nested case-control studies of 9,804 and 10,456 male residents of |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Wu K |
Plasma and dietary carotenoids, and the risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study. |
2004 |
The association between plasma carotenoids and prostate cancer risk was investigated in a case-control study nested within
the prospective Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We matched 450 incident prostate cancer cases diagnosed from |
CC nested |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Chang S |
Relationship between plasma carotenoids and prostate cancer. |
2005 |
Carotenoids, particularly lycopene, are thought to decrease prostate cancer risk, but the relationship between plasma carotenoid
concentrations and risk in various populations has not been well characterized. Comparing 118 non-Hispanic Caucasian men |
CC |
|
|
|
N/(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Key TJ |
Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. |
2007 |
BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that high plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may reduce
the risk of prostate cancer. RESULTS: Overall, none of the micronutrients examined were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. For lycopene
and the sum of carotenoids, there was evidence of heterogeneity between the associations with risks of localized and advanced
disease. These carotenoids were not associated with the risk of localized disease but were inversely associated with the risk
of advanced disease. The risk of advanced disease for men in the highest fifth of plasma concentrations compared with men in
the lowest fifth was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.88) for lycopene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.78) for the sum of carotenoids. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Peters U |
Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. |
2007 |
BACKGROUND: Reports from several studies have suggested that carotenoids, and in particular lycopene, could be prostate cancer-preventive agents. This has stimulated extensive laboratory and clinical research, as well as much commercial and public enthusiasm. However, the epidemiologic evidence remains inconclusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the association between prediagnostic serum carotenoids (lycopene,
alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) and risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung,
Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, a multicenter study designed to examine methods of early detection and risk
factors for cancer. The study included 692 incident prostate cancer cases, diagnosed 1 to 8 years after study entry, including
270 aggressive cases, with regional or distant stage (n = 90) or Gleason score >or=7 (n = 235), and 844 randomly selected, RESULTS: No association was observed between serum lycopene and total prostate cancer [odds ratios (OR), 1.14; 95%
confidence intervals (95% CI), 0.82-1.58 for highest versus lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.28] or aggressive prostate cancer
(OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.62-1.57 for highest versus lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.433). beta-Carotene was associated with an CONCLUSION: In this large prospective study, high serum beta-carotene concentrations were associated with increased risk
for aggressive, clinically relevant prostate cancer. Lycopene and other carotenoids were unrelated to prostate cancer. Consistent |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Zhang J |
Plasma carotenoids and prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study in Arkansas. |
2007 |
Carotenoids possess antioxidant properties and thus may protect against prostate cancer. Epidemiological studies of dietary carotenoids and this malignancy were inconsistent, partially due to dietary assessment error. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation between plasma concentrations of carotenoids and the risk of prostate cancer in a population-based case-control study in Arkansas. Cases (n = 193) were men with prostate cancer diagnosed in 3 major hospitals, and controls (n = 197) were matched to cases by age, race, and county of residence. After adjustment for confounders, plasma levels of lycopene, utein/zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin were inversely associated with prostate cancer risk. Subjects in the highest quartile of plasma lycopene (513.7 microg/l) had a 55% lower risk of prostate cancer than those in the lowest quartile (140.5 microg/l; P trend = 0.042). No apparent association was observed for plasma alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. Further adjustment for the other 4 carotenoids did not materially alter the risk estimates for plasma lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin but appeared to result in an elevated risk with high levels of plasma alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. The results of all analyses did not vary substantially by age, race, and smoking status. This study added to the emerging evidence that high circulating levels of lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin are associated with a low risk of prostate cancer. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Mikhak B |
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene polymorphism, interactions with carotenoid levels and prostate cancer risk. |
2008 |
BACKGROUND: The manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene encodes an antioxidant enzyme (SOD2) that may
protect cells from oxidative damage. The MnSOD allele with Val as amino acid 16 encodes a protein that has 30-40% lower
activity compared with the MnSOD Ala variant, hence possibly increasing susceptibility to oxidative stress. On the other hand, METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study with 612 incident prostate
cancer cases and 612 matched controls to investigate the role of the MnSOD gene Ala16Val polymorphism and its joint
association with plasma carotenoid concentrations in relation to risk of total prostate cancer and aggressive prostate cancer CONCLUSION: In this cohort of mainly white men, the MnSOD gene Ala16Val polymorphism was not associated with total or
aggressive prostate cancer risk. However, men with the MnSOD Ala/Ala genotype who had low long-term lycopene status had |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Karppi J |
Serum lycopene and the risk of cancer: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study. |
2009 |
PURPOSE: Lycopene is thought to decrease the risk of cancers, although previous epidemiologic studies have produced inconsistent results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of lycopene against the risk of cancer. METHODS: The study population consisted of 997 middle-aged Finnish men in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk
Factor (KIHD) cohort. During the mean follow-up time of 12.6 years, a total of 141 cancer cases appeared, of which 55 were CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in middle-aged men, the higher circulating concentrations of lycopene may contribute to the lower risk of cancer, with the exception of prostate cancer. |
PC |
|
|
|
(-)/N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Lee KM |
Nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk. |
2009 |
Nitric oxide (NO) induces cytotoxicity and angiogenesis, and may play a role in prostate carcinogenesis, potentially modulated
by environmental exposures. We evaluated the association of prostate cancer with genetic polymorphisms in two genes
related to intracellular NO: NOS2A [inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS); -2892T>C, Ex16 + 14C>T (S608L), IVS16 + 88T>G |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Beilby J |
Serum levels of folate, lycopene, β-carotene, retinol and vitamin E and prostate cancer risk. |
2010 |
Previous studies relating increased serum levels of folate and fat-soluble vitamins to prostate cancer risk have variously
shown null associations or to either decrease or increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. Prospective studies of
serum folate levels have been reported to show a null association and increased serum levels to either decrease or increase |
PC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Venkitaraman R |
Serum micronutrient and antioxidant levels at baseline and the natural history of men with localised prostate cancer on active surveillance. |
2010 |
The aim of this study was to determine whether serum concentrations of micronutrients, antioxidants and vitamins predict
rate of disease progression in untreated, localised prostate cancer. Patients with localised prostatic adenocarcinoma on
a prospective study of active surveillance underwent monitoring with serial PSA levels and repeat prostate biopsies. |
PC |
|
|
|
N |
PSA |
Cancer: prostate |
Zhang J |
Polymorphisms in inflammatory genes, plasma antioxidants, and prostate cancer risk. |
2010 |
BACKGROUND: Presence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and chronic inflammation in prostate tumor suggests that inflammation plays a role in prostate cancer etiology. This study investigated whether variants in inflammatory genes act alone or interact with plasma antioxidants to influence prostate cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Central Arkansas. METHODS: Cases (n = 193) were men, aged 40-80, diagnosed with prostate cancer in three major hospitals in 1998-2003, and controls (n = 197) were matched to cases by age, race, and county of residence. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounders, olymorphisms in COX-2 (rs689466) and IL-8 (rs4073) were not significantly
associated with prostate cancer risk. However, apparent interactions were observed between these genetic variants and
plasma antioxidants on the risk of this malignancy. The protective effect of the mutant allele of the COX-2 polymorphism
was more pronounced among subjects with high plasma levels of beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, beta-carotene, or
selenium (>or=median) [e.g., OR (95% CI): 0.37 (0.15, 0.86) (AG/GG vs. AA) for beta-cryptoxanthin]. Conversely, the
promoting effect of the variant allele of the IL-8 polymorphism was more remarkable in subjects with low plasma levels of CONCLUSIONS: We found that sequence variants in inflammatory genes interact with plasma antioxidants to modulate prostate cancer risk. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Beydoun HA |
Associations of serum vitamin A and carotenoid levels with markers of prostate cancer detection among US men. |
2011 |
Associations of serum vitamin A and carotenoid levels with markers of prostate cancer detection were evaluated among
3,927 US men, 40-85 years of age, who participated in the 2001-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
Five recommended definitions of prostate cancer detection were adopted using total and free prostate-specific antigen
(tPSA and fPSA) laboratory measurements. Men were identified as high risk based on alternative cutoffs, namely |
CS |
|
|
|
(+) |
PSA |
Cancer: prostate |
Kristal AR |
Serum lycopene concentration and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. |
2011 |
BACKGROUND: Lycopene has been promoted for prostate cancer prevention, despite the inconsistency of scientific evidence.
METHODS: This nested case-control study examined whether serum lycopene was associated with prostate cancer risk
among participants in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, a placebo-controlled trial of finasteride for prostate cancer
prevention. Presence or absence of cancer was determined by prostate biopsy, recommended during the trial due to
elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) and offered to all men at the CONCLUSION: This study does not support a role for lycopene in prostate cancer prevention. IMPACT: Scientists and the public should understand that early studies supporting an association of dietary lycopene with reduced prostate cancer risk have not been replicated in studies using serum biomarkers of lycopene intake. Recommendations of professional societies to the public should be modified to reflect the likelihood that increasing lycopene intake will not affect prostate cancer risk. |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Prostate Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: prostate |
Key TJ |
A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer. |
1997 |
We interviewed 328 men diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of 75 years and 328 age-matched population controls. The principal hypotheses were that risk would increase with a high intake of total or saturated fat and would decrease with a |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Meyer F |
Dietary energy and nutrients in relation to preclinical prostate cancer. |
1997 |
Previous studies of diet and prostate cancer have focused on advanced disease and have suggested a positive association with
saturated fat intake. We report a study assessing the relationship between diet and preclinical prostate cancer. A total of 215 |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Hayes RB |
Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. |
1999 |
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men in the United States, with substantially higher rates among
American blacks than whites. We carried out a population-based case-control study in three geographic areas of the
United States to evaluate the reasons for the racial disparity in incidence rates. A total of 932 men (449 black men and
483 white men) who had been newly diagnosed with pathologically confirmed prostate cancer and 1201 controls (543
black men and 658 white men) were interviewed in person to elicit information on potential risk factors. This report
evaluates the impact of dietary factors, particularly the consumption of animal products and animal fat, on the risk of
prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. ncreased consumption (grams/day) of foods high in
animal fat was linked to prostate cancer (independent of intake of other calories) among American blacks [by quartile
of intake, odds ratio (OR) = 1.0 (referent), 1.5, 2.1, and 2.0; Ptrend = 0.007], but not among American whites [by quartile
of intake, OR = 1.0 (referent), 1.6, 1.5, and 1.1; Ptrend = 0.90]. However, risks for advanced prostate cancer were higher
with greater intake of foods high in animal fat among blacks [by quartile of intake, OR = 1.0 (referent), 2.2, 4.2, and 3.1;
Ptrend = 0.006] and whites [by quartile of intake, OR = 1.0 (referent), 2.2, 2.6, and 2.4; Ptrend = 0.02]. Increased intake
of animal fat as a proportion of total caloric intake also showed positive but weaker associations with advanced prostate
cancer among blacks (Ptrend = 0.13) and whites (Ptrend = 0.08). No clear associations were found with vitamin A, calcium,
or specific lycopene-rich foods. The study linked greater consumption of fat from animal sources to increased risk for |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Vogt TM |
Dietary factors and risks |
1999 |
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men in the United States, with substantially higher rates among American
blacks than whites. We carried out a population-based case-control study in three geographic areas of the United States to
evaluate the reasons for the racial disparity in incidence rates. A total of 932 men (449 black men and 483 white men) who had
been newly diagnosed with pathologically confirmed prostate cancer and 1201 controls (543 black men and 658 white men)
were interviewed in person to elicit information on potential risk factors. This report evaluates the impact of dietary factors, |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Norrish AE |
Prostate cancer and |
2000 |
This population-based case-control study investigated associations between prostatecancer risk and dietary intake of the carotenoids beta-carotene and lycopene and their major plant food sources, including carrots, green leafy vegetables, and tomato-based foods. The study was carried out in Auckland, New Zealand, during 1996-1997 and recruited 317 prostate cancer cases and 480 controls. The authors found that dietary intake of beta-carotene and its main vegetable sources was largely unassociated with prostate cancer risk, whereas intake of lycopene and tomato-based foods was weakly associated with a reduced risk. These results suggest that in contrast to the findings regarding many types of cancers, vegetables rich in beta-carotene are not protective against prostate cancer. However, lycopene from tomato-based foods was found to be associated with a small reduction in risk. |
CC |
(-) |
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Giovannucci E |
A prospective study of |
2002 |
BACKGROUND: Some data, including our findings from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) from 1986 through
January 31, 1992, suggest that frequent intake of tomato products or lycopene, a carotenoid from tomatoes, is associated with
reduced risk of prostate cancer. Overall, however, the data are inconclusive. We evaluated additional data from the HPFS to
determine if the association would persist.
METHODS: We ascertained prostate cancer cases from 1986 through January 31, 1998, among 47 365 HPFS participants who
completed dietary questionnaires in 1986, 1990, and 1994. We used pooled logistic regression to compute multivariate relative
risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided.
RESULTS: From 1986 through January 31, 1998, 2481 men in the study developed prostate cancer. Results for the period from
1992 through 1998 confirmed our previous findings---that frequent tomato or lycopene intake was associated with a reduced risk
of prostate cancer. Similarly, for the entire period of 1986 through 1998, using the cumulative average of the three dietary
questionnaires, lycopene intake was associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer (RR for high versus low quintiles = 0.84;
95% CI = 0.73 to 0.96; P(trend) =.003); intake of tomato sauce, the primary source of bioavailable lycopene, was associated
with an even greater reduction in prostate cancer risk (RR for 2+ servings/week versus <1 serving/month = 0.77; 95%
CI = 0.66 to 0.90; P(trend)<.001), especially for extraprostatic cancers (RR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.99). These associations
persisted in analyses controlling for fruit and vegetable consumption and for olive oil use (a marker for editerranean diet) and
were observed separately in men of Southern European or other Caucasian ancestry.
CONCLUSION: Frequent consumption of tomato products is associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer. The magnitude |
PC |
(-) |
(-) |
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Schuurman AG |
A prospective cohort |
2003 |
OBJECTIVES: The roles of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids as risk factors for prostate carcinoma are still questionable. We evaluated these in the Netherlands Cohort Study. METHODS: The cohort study consisted of 58,279 men ages 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. After 6.3 years of follow-up,
642 incident prostate carcinoma cases were available for analysis. Intakes of retinol, vitamins C and E, and several carotenoids
were measured by means of a 150-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire.
RESULTS: In multivariate analyses a positive association with prostate cancer risk was observed for intake of beta-
cryptoxanthin. Rate ratios (RRs) in increasing quintiles were 1.00 (ref), 0.94, 1.01, 1.16, 1.41; p-trend < 0.01. For intake of
retinol, vitamins C and E and other carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin) no effect on
overall prostate cancer risk was found. RRs for vitamin supplement use were decreased, but not significantly. Among
nondrinkers, nonsignificant inverse associations were observed for intake of retinol, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene
(RRs, highest vs lowest quintile, were 0.23, 0.60, and 0.76, respectively). Among drinkers, beta-cryptoxanthin was positively
associated (RR highest vs lowest quintile = 1.40). |
PC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Jian L |
Do dietary lycopene and other carotenoids protect against prostate cancer? |
2005 |
To determine whether dietary intake of lycopene and other carotenoids has an etiological association with prostate cancer, a case-control study was conducted in Hangzhou, southeast China during 2001-2002. The cases were 130 incident patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The controls were 274 hospital inpatients without prostate cancer or any other malignant diseases. Information on usual food consumption, including vegetables and fruits, was collected by face-to-face interviews using a structured food frequency questionnaire. The risks of prostate cancer for the intake of carotenoids and selected vegetables and fruits rich in carotenoids were assessed using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for age, locality, education, income, body mass index, marital status, number of children, family history of prostate cancer, tea drinking, total fat and caloric intake. The prostate cancer risk declined with increasing consumption of lycopene, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin. Intake of tomatoes, pumpkin, spinach, watermelon and citrus fruits were also inversely associated with the prostate cancer risk. The adjusted odds ratios for the highest versus the lowest quartiles of intake were 0.18 (95% CI: 0.08-0.41) for lycopene, 0.43 (95% CI: 0.21-0.85) for alpha-carotene, 0.34 (95% CI: 0.17-0.69) for beta-carotene, 0.15 (95% CI: 0.06-0.34) for beta-cryptoxanthin and 0.02 ( and zeaxanthin. The corresponding dose-response relationships were also significant, suggesting that vegetables and fruits rich in lycopene and other carotenoids may be protective against prostate cancer. |
CC |
(-) |
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Goodman M |
Lycopene intake and prostate cancer risk: effect modification by plasma antioxidants and the XRCC1 genotype. |
2006 |
Lycopene has been associated with reduced prostate cancer risk, although the results of epidemiological studies have varied. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Jian L |
Tea and lycopene protect against prostate cancer. |
2007 |
Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in developed countries and is increasing in the developing world. Its long latency and geographical variation suggest the possibility of prevention or postponement of onset by dietary modification. To investigate the possible joint effect of lycopene and green tea on prostate cancer risk, a case-control study was conducted in Hangzhou, China, with 130 prostate cancer patients and 274 hospital controls. Information on tea and dietary intakes, and possible confounders was collected using a structured questionnaire. The risk of prostate cancer for the intake of tea and lycopene and their joint effect were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. Prostate cancer risk was reduced with increased consumption of green tea. The protective effect of green tea was significant (odds ratio 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06-0.35) for the highest quartile relative to the lowest after adjusting for total vegetables and fruits intakes and other potential confounding factors. Intakes of vegetables and fruits rich in lycopene were also inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (odds ratio 0.18, 95% CI 0.08-0.39). Interaction analysis showed that the protective effect from tea and lycopene consumption was synergistic (p<0.01). This study suggests that habitual drinking tea and intakes of vegetables and fruits rich in lycopene could lead to a reduced risk of prostate cancer in Chinese men. Together they have a stronger preventive effect than either component taken separately. This is the first epidemiological study to investigate the joint effect between tea drinking and lycopene intake. |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Pourmand G |
The risk factors of prostate cancer: a multicentric case-control study in Iran. |
2007 |
Prostate cancer (PC), in Iran, is the third most frequently diagnosed visceral cancer among men and the seventh most
common underlying cause of cancer mortality. We evaluated the relation between speculated factors and PC risk using data
from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Iran from 2005 to 2007 on 130 cases of incident, clinicopathologically
confirmed PC, and 75 controls admitted to the same network of hospitals without any malignant disease. Odds ratios (OR)
and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. The risk of PC
was increased with aging (OR: 5.35, 95% CI: 2.17-13.19; P<0.0001), and with the number of sexual intercourse |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Kristal AR |
Dietary patterns, supplement use, and the risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. |
2008 |
This study examined dietary risk factors for incident benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in 4,770 Prostate Cancer Prevention
Trial (1994-2003) placebo-arm participants who were free of BPH at baseline. BPH was assessed over 7 years and was
defined as medical or surgical treatment or repeated elevation (>14) on the International Prostate Symptom Score
questionnaire. Diet, alcohol, and supplement use were assessed by use of a food frequency questionnaire. There were 876
incident BPH cases (33.6/1,000 person-years). The hazard ratios for the contrasts of the highest to lowest quintiles increased
31% for total fat and 27% for polyunsaturated fat and decreased 15% for protein (all p(trend) < 0.05). The risk was significantly
lower in high consumers of alcoholic beverages (0 vs. > or =2/day: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.67) and vegetables (<1 vs. > or =4/day:
HR = 0.68) and higher in daily (vs. <1/week) consumers of red meat (HR = 1.38). There were no associations of supplemental |
PC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Kristal AR |
Diet, supplement use, and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. |
2010 |
The authors examined nutritional risk factors for prostate cancer among 9,559 participants in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (United States and Canada, 1994-2003). The presence or absence of cancer was determined by prostate biopsy, which was recommended during the trial because of an elevated prostate-specific antigen level or an abnormal digital rectal examination and was offered to all men at the trial's end. Nutrient intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and a structured supplement-use questionnaire. Cancer was detected in 1,703 men; 127 cancers were high-grade (Gleason score 8-10). There were no associations of any nutrient or supplement with prostate cancer risk overall. Risk of high-grade cancer was associated with high intake of polyunsaturated fats (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: odds ratio = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33, 4.38). Dietary calcium was positively associated with low-grade cancer but inversely associated with high-grade cancer (for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, odds ratios were 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.57) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.89), respectively). Neither dietary nor supplemental intakes of nutrients often suggested for prostate cancer prevention, including lycopene, long-chain n-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin E, and selenium, were significantly associated with cancer risk. High intake of n-6 fatty acids, through their effects on inflammation and oxidative stress, may increase prostate cancer risk. |
PC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Agalliu I |
Oxidative balance score and risk of prostate cancer: results from a case-cohort study. |
2011 |
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a disease with a complex etiology. Oxidative stress has been implicated in its |
CC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer: prostate |
Shahar S |
Roles of diet, lifetime physical activity and oxidative DNA damage in the occurrence of prostate cancer among men in Klang Valley, Malaysia. |
2011 |
BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of information on risk factors of prostate cancer, especially those related to dietary
and lifestyle among Asian populations. |
CC |
(-) |
(-) |
|
(-) |
|
Renal Cancer Critical Findings
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer: renal |
Bosetti C |
Micronutrients and the risk of renal cell cancer: a case-control study from Italy. |
2007 |
The role of various micronutrients on the risk of renal cell cancer (RCC) was examined in a multicentric case-control study from |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: renal |
Hu J |
Dietary vitamin C, E, and carotenoid intake and risk of renal cell carcinoma. |
2009 |
OBJECT: The study examines the association between dietary intake of vitamin C, E, and carotenoids and the risk of |
CC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: renal |
Lee JE |
Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. |
2009 |
Fruit and vegetable consumption has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. We conducted a pooled |
PC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: uterine |
Terry KL |
Lycopene and other carotenoid intake in relation to risk of uterine leiomyomata. |
2008 |
OBJECTIVE: Carotenoids have antioxidant properties and have been associated with reduced risks of some cancers. We |
PC |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer: |
Agudo A |
Fruit and vegetable intakes, dietary antioxidant nutrients, and total mortality in Spanish adults: findings from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). |
2008 |
BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic data suggest that persons with diets rich in fruit and vegetables are at a lower risk of several
chronic diseases and mortality than are persons with diets poor in fruit and vegetables. Often, this effect is attributed to
antioxidant micronutrients found in plant foods. |
PC |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Disease |
First |
Study Title and |
Date |
Abstract |
Study Type |
G.Tom |
P.Tom |
F.Tom |
Lyco |
Other |
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Peto R |
Can dietary beta-carotene |
1981 |
Human cancer risks are inversely correlated with (a) blood retinol and (b) dietary beta-carotene. Although retinol in the blood might well be truly protective, this would be of little immediate value without discovery of the important external determinants of blood retinol which (in developed countries) do not include dietary retinol or beta-carotene. If dietary beta-carotene is truly protective--which could be tested by controlled trials--there are a number of theoretical mechanisms whereby it might act, some of which do not directly involve its 'provitamin A' activity. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Weisburger JH |
Mechanisms of action of antioxidants as exemplified in vegetables, tomatoes and tea. |
1999 |
Most chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease and many types of cancer depend on the in vivo conversion of cellular macromolecules or of carcinogens to specific reactive, oxidized forms. For that reason, health promoting nutrition involves the daily intake of five to 10 vegetables and fruits, fruit juices, red wine and tea that are rich sources of micronutrients with antioxidant properties, including the antioxidant vitamins C, E and beta-carotene. Tomatoes contain lycopene, a stable, active antioxidant. Many vegetables contain quercetin and related polyphenolic compounds. Tea is a source of epigallocatechin gallate, in green tea, and theaflavin and the associated thearubigins, in black tea. Red wine contains resveratrol. The diverse antioxidants in foods, red wine and tea provide the necessary antioxidant resources for the body to control oxidation reactions in the body with possible adverse consequences. For example, the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol yields a product that damages the vascular system. Thus, a lower intake of saturated fats to decrease the levels of LDL cholesterol, together with an adequate intake of antioxidants, is the optimal approach to lower heart disease risk. Cancer of the stomach involves the consumption of salted, pickled foods yielding direct-acting carcinogens, and their formation is inhibited by vitamins C and E. Cancer in the colon, breast, prostate and pancreas may be caused by a new class of carcinogens, the heterocyclic amines, formed during the broiling or frying of creatinine-containing foods, including fish and meats. Their formation and action can be inhibited by antioxidants such as those in soy, tea, vitamin C and also by the synthetic antioxidants BHA or BHT. The growth, cell proliferation and development of abnormal preneoplastic and neoplastic cells also involves oxidation reactions, including the formation of active oxygen or peroxy compounds. Such reactions can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as those in tea, tomatoes or vegetables. Even ageing and longevity in good health would be favoured by the availability of adequate amounts of varied antioxidants. Prevention of the formation and of action of reactive products by antioxidants as present in fruits, vegetables, tomatoes, red wine and tea is of great public health importance in decreasing the risk of major diseases. Prevention is the optimal approach to disease control, and also as an effective route to lower costs of medical care. |
Review |
(-) |
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Agarwal S |
Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. |
2000 |
Lycopene is a carotenoid that is present in tomatoes, processed tomato products and other fruits. It is one of the most potent antioxidants among dietary carotenoids. Dietary intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene has been shown to be associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have been found to be inversely related to the incidence of several types of cancer, including breast cancer and prostate cancer. Although the antioxidant properties of lycopene are thought to be primarily responsible for its beneficial effects, evidence is accumulating to suggest that other mechanisms may also be involved. In this article we outline the possible mechanisms of action of lycopene and review the current understanding of its role in human health and disease prevention |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Montesano R |
Environmental causes of |
2001 |
Epidemiological studies have clearly shown a causal association between tobacco exposure and various human cancers, hepatitis B and C infection and hepatocellular carcinoma, human papilloma viruses and cervical cancer, and the occupational origin of certain human cancers is well established. The identification of the environmental causes of human cancers has been a long and difficult process. Much remains to be understood about the role of specific components of the diet and the interaction of different risk factors in the aetiology of human cancers. Withstanding the progress made on the understanding of the cancer process and their potential impact in the therapy of cancer, primary prevention remains, in developed and developing countries, the most effective measure to reduce cancer mortality. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Cohen LA. |
A review of animal model studies of tomato carotenoids, lycopene, and cancer chemoprevention. |
2002 |
There are relatively few reports on the cancer chemopreventive effects of lycopene or tomato carotenoids in animal models. The majority, but not all, of these studies indicate a protective effect. Inhibitory effects were reported in two studies using aberrant crypt foci, an intermediate lesion leading to colon cancer, as an end point and in two mammary tumor studies, one using the dimethylbenz(a)anthracene model, and the other the spontaneous mouse model. Inhibitory effects were also reported in mouse lung and rat hepatocarcinoma and bladder cancer models. However, a report from the author's laboratory found no effect in the N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor model when crystalline lycopene or a lycopene-rich tomato carotenoid oleoresin was administered in the diet. Unfortunately, because of differences in routes of administration (gavage, intraperitoneal injection, intra-rectal instillation, drinking water, and diet supplementation), species and strain differences, form of lycopene (pure crystalline, beadlet, mixed carotenoid suspension), varying diets (grain-based, casein based) and dose ranges (0.5-500 ppm), no two studies are comparable. It is clear that the majority of ingested lycopene is excreted in the feces and that 1000-fold more lycopene is absorbed and stored in the liver than accumulates in other target organs. Nonetheless, physiologically significant (nanogram) levels of lycopene are assimilated by key organs such as breast, prostate, lung, and colon, and there is a rough dose-response relationship between lycopene intake and blood levels. Pure lycopene was absorbed less efficiently than the lycopene-rich tomato carotenoid oleoresin and blood levels of lycopene in rats fed a grain-based diet were consistently lower than those in rats fed lycopene in a casein-based diet. The latter suggests that the matrix in which lycopene is incorporated is an important determinant of lycopene uptake. A number of issues remain to be resolved before any definitive conclusions can be drawn concerning the anticancer effects of lycopene. These include the following: the optimal dose and form of lycopene, interactions among lycopene and other carotenoids and fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin E and D, the role of dietary fat in regulating lycopene uptake and disposition, organ and tissue specificity, and the problem of extrapolation from rodent models to human populations. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Etminan M |
The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a metaanalysis of observational studies. |
2004 |
PURPOSE: To determine whether intake of tomato products reduces the risk of prostate cancer using a meta-analysis. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE and EMBASE and contacted authors to identify potential studies. Log relative risks (RRs) were weighed by the inverse of their variances to obtain a pooled estimate with its 95% confidence interval (CI). Logistic regression and Poisson regression analyses were used to determine the effect produced by a daily intake of one serving of tomato product. RESULTS: Eleven case-control studies and 10 cohort studies or nested case-control studies presented data on the use of tomato, tomato products, or lycopene and met our inclusion criteria. Compared with nonfrequent users of tomato products (1st quartile of intake), the RR of prostate cancer among consumers of high amounts of raw tomato (5th quintile of intake) was 0.89 (95% CI 0.80-1.00). For high intake of cooked tomato products, this RR was 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.92). The RR of prostate cancer related to an intake of one serving/day of raw tomato (200 g) was 0.97 (95% CI 0.85-1.10) for the case-control studies and 0.78 (95% CI 0.66-0.92) for cohort studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that tomato products may play a role in the prevention of prostate cancer. However, this effect is modest and restricted to high amounts of tomato intake. Further research is needed to determine the type and quantity of tomato products with respect to their role in preventing prostate cancer. |
Meta- |
(-) |
(-) |
N |
N/(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Aggarwal BB |
Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. |
2006 |
While fruits and vegetables are recommended for prevention of cancer and other diseases, their active ingredients (at the |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Divisi D |
Diet and cancer. |
2006 |
The aim of our study is to evaluate the relationship between diet and cancer development. It has been estimated that 30-40% of all kinds of cancer can be prevented with a healthy lifestyle and dietary measures. A low use of fibres, the intake of red meat and an imbalance of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats may contribute to increase the risk of cancer. On the other hand, the assumption of lots of fruit and vegetables may lower the risk of cancer. Protective elements in a cancer-preventive diet include selenium, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin D, chlorophyll and antioxidants such as carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin). Ascorbic acid has limited benefits if taken orally, but it effective through intravenous injection. A supplementary use of oral digestive enzymes and probiotics is also an anticancer dietary measure. A diet drawn up according to the proposed guidelines could decrease the incidence of breast, colon-rectal, prostate and bronchogenic cancer. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Kavanaugh CJ |
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer. |
2007 |
Several studies have reported an inverse association between tomato and/or lycopene intake and the risk of some types of cancer. In 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received two petitions for qualified health claims regarding tomatoes, lycopene, and the risk reduction for some forms of cancer. Health claims that characterize the relationship between a food or food component and a disease or health-related condition require premarket approval by FDA to be included on the labels of conventional foods and dietary supplements. Here we describe FDA's review of the scientific data for tomato and/or lycopene intake with respect to risk reduction for certain forms of cancer. The FDA found no credible evidence to support an association between lycopene intake and a reduced risk of prostate, lung, colorectal, gastric, breast, ovarian, endometrial, or pancreatic cancer. The FDA also found no credible evidence for an association between tomato consumption and a reduced risk of lung, colorectal, breast, cervical, or endometrial cancer. The FDA found very limited evidence to support an association between tomato consumption and reduced risks of prostate, ovarian, gastric, and pancreatic cancers. |
Review |
N/(-) |
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Gallicchio L |
Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. |
2008 |
BACKGROUND: Carotenoids are thought to have anti-cancer properties, but findings from population-based research have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to conduct a systematic review of the associations between carotenoids and lung cancer. DESIGN: We searched electronic databases for articles published through September 2007. Six randomized clinical trials examining the efficacy of beta-carotene supplements and 25 prospective observational studies assessing the associations between carotenoids and lung cancer were analyzed by using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: The pooled relative risk (RR) for the studies comparing beta-carotene supplements with placebo was 1.10 (95% confidence limits: 0.89, 1.36; P = 0.39). Among the observational studies that adjusted for smoking, the pooled RRs comparing highest and lowest categories of total carotenoid intake and of total carotenoid serum concentrations were 0.79 (0.71, 0.87; P < 0.001) and 0.70 (0.44, 1.11; P = 0.14), respectively. For beta-carotene, highest compared with lowest pooled RRs were 0.92 (0.83, 1.01; P = 0.09) for dietary intake and 0.84 (0.66, 1.07; P = 0.15) for serum concentrations. For other carotenoids, the RRs comparing highest and lowest categories of intake ranged from 0.80 for beta-cryptoxanthin to 0.89 for alpha-carotene and lutein-zeaxanthin; for serum concentrations, the RRs ranged from 0.71 for lycopene to 0.95 for lutein-zeaxanthin. CONCLUSIONS: beta-Carotene supplementation is not associated with a decrease in the risk of developing lung cancer. Findings from prospective cohort studies suggest inverse associations between carotenoids and lung cancer; however, the decreases in risk are generally small and not statistically significant. These inverse associations may be the result of carotenoid measurements' function as a marker of a healthier lifestyle (higher fruit and vegetable consumption) or of residual confounding by smoking. |
Review |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Khan N |
Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: progress and promise. |
2008 |
It is estimated that nearly one-third of all cancer deaths in the United States could be prevented through appropriate dietary modification. Various dietary antioxidants have shown considerable promise as effective agents for cancer prevention by reducing oxidative stress which has been implicated in the development of many diseases, including cancer. Therefore, for reducing the incidence of cancer, modifications in dietary habits, especially by increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants, are increasingly advocated. Accumulating research evidence suggests that many dietary factors may be used alone or in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic agents to prevent the occurrence of cancer, their metastatic spread, or even to treat cancer. The reduced cancer risk and lack of toxicity associated with high intake of fruits and vegetables suggest that specific concentrations of antioxidant agents from these dietary sources may produce cancer chemopreventive effects without causing significant levels of toxicity. This review presents an extensive analysis of the key findings from studies on the effects of dietary antioxidants such as tea polyphenols, curcumin, genistein, resveratrol, lycopene, pomegranate, and lupeol against cancers of the skin, prostate, breast, lung, and liver. This research is also leading to the identification of novel cancer drug targets. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Liu C |
Nutrition and gastric cancer risk: an update. |
2008 |
Data from epidemiologic, experimental, and animal studies indicate that diet plays an important role in the etiology of gastric cancer. High intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, lycopene and lycopene-containing food products, and potentially vitamin C and selenium may reduce the risk for gastric cancer. Data also suggest that high intake of nitrosamines, processed meat products, salt and salted foods, and overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for gastric cancer. However, current data provide little support for an association of beta-carotene, vitamin E, and alcohol consumption with risk for gastric cancer. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
N |
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Mein JR |
Biological activity of lycopene metabolites: implications for cancer prevention. |
2008 |
While early studies focused on the potential roles in health and disease of provitamin A carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, research over the past decade has provided a framework for our understanding of the functions of non-provitamin A carotenoids such as lycopene, especially in regards to its association with a reduced risk of a number of chronic diseases, including cancer. Recent data suggests that lycopene metabolites may possess specific biological activities on several important cellular signaling pathways and molecular targets. Carotenoid metabolites may have more important biological roles than their parent compounds in human health and disease. This notion has been reinforced by the observation of both beneficial and detrimental effects of carotenoid metabolites in cancer prevention. |
Review |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Seren S |
Potential role of lycopene in the treatment of hepatitis C and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. |
2008 |
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are growing health problems around the world. Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the initiation and progression of hepatocellular damage and possibly in the development of HCC in HCV infected patients. In vitro, animal and clinical studies suggest that lycopene, a nonprovitamin A carotenoid and a potent antioxidant, may attenuate the liver injury and possibly prevent the development of HCC. In this article, we discuss the relationship between HCV infection and oxidative stress and review the potential role of lycopene in the treatment of HCV and prevention of HCC. |
|
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
van Breemen |
Multitargeted therapy of cancer by lycopene. |
2008 |
Lycopene (psi,psi-carotene) is the most abundant carotenoid in tomatoes and is the red pigment of not only tomatoes but also rosehips, watermelon, papaya, pink grapefruit, and guava. Unlike beta-carotene, lycopene lacks a beta-ionone ring and therefore has no pro-vitamin A activity. However, the 11 conjugated and two non-conjugated double bonds in lycopene make it highly reactive towards oxygen and free radicals, and this anti-oxidant activity probably contributes to its efficacy as a chemoprevention agent. The reactivity of lycopene also explains why it isomerizes rapidly in blood and tissues from the biosynthetic all-trans form to a mixture of cis-isomers. Prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies indicating an inverse relationship between lycopene intake and prostate cancer risk have been supported by in vitro and in vivo experiments showing that oral lycopene is bioavailable, accumulates in prostate tissue and is localized to the nucleus of prostate epithelial cells. In addition to antioxidant activity, in vitro experiments indicate other mechanisms of chemoprevention by lycopene including induction of apoptosis and antiproliferation in cancer cells, anti-metastatic activity, and the upregulation of the antioxidant response element leading to the synthesis of cytoprotective enzymes. Lycopene is a substrate for carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase (CMO2) and can be converted to apo-10'-carotenal. Although Phase I and II studies have been published that establish the safety of lycopene supplementation, carefully designed and adequately powered clinical studies of lycopene are still needed to confirm its efficacy as a chemoprevention agent. |
Review |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Coyle YM |
Lifestyle, genes, and cancer. |
2009 |
It is estimated that almost 1.5 million people in the USA are diagnosed with cancer every year. However, due to the substantial effect of modifiable lifestyle factors on the most prevalent cancers, it has been estimated that 50% of cancer is preventable. Physical activity, weight loss, and a reduction in alcohol use can strongly be recommended for the reduction of breast cancer risk. Similarly, weight loss, physical activity, and cessation of tobacco use are important behavior changes to reduce colorectal cancer risk, along with the potential benefit for the reduction of red meat consumption and the increase in folic acid intake. Smoking cessation is still the most important prevention intervention for reducing lung cancer risk, but recent evidence indicates that increasing physical activity may also be an important prevention intervention for this disease. The potential benefit of lifestyle change to reduce prostate cancer risk is growing, with recent evidence indicating the importance of a diet rich in tomato-based foods and weight loss. Also, in the cancers for which there are established lifestyle risk factors, such as physical inactivity for breast cancer and obesity for colorectal cancer, there is emerging information on the role that genetics plays in interacting with these factors, as well as the interaction of combinations of lifestyle factors. Integration of genetic information into lifestyle factors can help to clarify the causal relationships between lifestyle and genetic factors and assist in better identifying cancer risk, ultimately leading to better-informed choices about effective methods to enhance health and prevent cancer. |
Review |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Musa-Veloso K |
Influence of observational study design on the interpretation of cancer risk reduction by carotenoids. |
2009 |
Recently published literature has been reviewed to determine whether lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin are associated with reductions in cancer risk and whether study findings differ by study design. A total of 57 publications meeting pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified, with the majority (55) being observational studies. None of the intervention studies supported a significant reduction in cancer risk with carotenoid (beta-carotene) supplementation. The majority of observational studies did not support significant reductions in cancer risk with increased carotenoid dietary intakes/circulating levels. A larger percentage of case-control studies supported significant associations between increased dietary intakes/circulating levels of carotenoids relative to prospective (cohort and nested case-control) studies. Compared to prospective studies, case-control studies cannot be used to establish temporality and may be more susceptible to selection and recall biases. Thus, diet-disease relationships suggested by case-control studies should ideally be confirmed by additional evidence from prospective studies. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Svennevig K |
Re: "Long-term use of beta-carotene, retinol, lycopene, and lutein supplements and lung cancer risk: results from the VITamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) Study". |
2009 |
In their recent article, Satia et al. (1) used data from the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study to draw some conclusions about an association between intake of dietary supplements and lung cancer risk. A previous VITAL Study publication concluded that multivitamin use does not increase lung cancer risk (2). The current study focused on long-term use of individual supplements at high doses. The participants using individual lutein supplements were categorized as noncancer cases (n = 1,606) and lung cancer cases (n = 20). Relatively infrequent lutein supplement use by lung cancer cases made it impossible to divide the group with regard to dosage or duration of use. Satia et al. concluded that long-term use of high doses of individual β-carotene, retinol, and lutein supplements may be harmful in terms of lung cancer risk. |
Letter to editor |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Giovannucci E |
Commentary: Serum lycopene and prostate cancer progression: a re-consideration of findings from the prostate cancer prevention trial. |
2011 |
A recent analysis in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) appeared to show no association between serum lycopene and prostate cancer risk, but the unique study design of the PCPT and the complexity of prostate cancer epidemiology suggest an alternative interpretation of the reported findings. |
Commentary |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Key TJ |
Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk. |
2011 |
The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no
protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have
generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these
observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent
large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and
vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological
studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are
benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those
eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of
particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles
indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that
general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations.
Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and
vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.
Portion of above that has "tomato/lycopene" mention.
Prostate cancer: The aetiology of prostate cancer is not well understood. Risk is increased in men with relatively high plasma |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Niclis C |
Dietary Habits and Prostate Cancer Prevention: A Review of Observational Studies by Focusing on South America. |
2011 |
There exist several works considering the association between diet and prostate cancer (PC) risk, but the issue is largely unsettled. This article systematically reviews the epidemiological studies on diet and risk of PC focusing on those carried out in countries of South America. There is some suggestion that dairy products, red meat, processed meat, α-linolenic fatty acids, as well as dietary patterns characterized by higher intakes of red and processed meat, eggs, and grains may play some role in the development of PC. There is no clear association with the intake of vegetables and fruits, lycopene, fats, and different types of fatty acids. The evidence on diet and PC is therefore inconclusive in general and specifically in South America. Particular attention must be paid to the study of cancer risk in some countries of South America because of the singularly risky dietary pattern consumed by its population |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Giovannucci E |
Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. |
1999 |
The epidemiologic literature in the English language regarding intake of tomatoes and tomato-based products and blood
lycopene (a compound derived predominantly from tomatoes) level in relation to the risk of various cancers was reviewed.
Among 72 studies identified, 57 reported inverse associations between tomato intake or blood lycopene level and the risk of
cancer at a defined anatomic site; 35 of these inverse associations were statistically significant. No study indicated that
higher tomato consumption or blood lycopene level statistically significantly increased the risk of cancer at any of the
investigated sites. About half of the relative risks for comparisons of high with low intakes or levels for tomatoes or lycopene
were approximately 0.6 or lower. The evidence for a benefit was strongest for cancers of the prostate, lung, and stomach. Data were also suggestive of a benefit for cancers of the pancreas, colon and rectum, esophagus, oral cavity, breast, and
cervix. Because the data are from observational studies, a cause-effect relationship cannot be established definitively.
However, the consistency of the results across numerous studies in diverse populations, for case-control and rospective |
Review |
N/(-) |
|
N/(-) |
|
N/(-) |
Cancer Risk Reviews (renal cell) |
Lee JE |
Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. |
2009 |
Fruit and vegetable consumption has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. We conducted a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies, including 1,478 incident cases of renal cell cancer (709 women and 769 men) among 530,469 women and 244,483 men followed for up to 7 to 20 years. Participants completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Using the primary data from each study, the study-specific relative risks (RR) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then pooled using a random effects model. We found that fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a reduced risk of renal cell cancer. Compared with <200 g/d of fruit and vegetable intake, the pooled multivariate RR for >or=600 g/d was 0.68 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.54-0.87; P for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.86; P for trend = 0.001]. Compared with <100 g/d, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CI) for >or=400 g/d were 0.79 (0.63-0.99; P for trend = 0.03) for total fruit and 0.72 (0.48-1.08; P for trend = 0.07) for total vegetables. For specific carotenoids, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CIs) comparing the highest and lowest quintiles were 0.87 (0.73-1.03) for alpha-carotene, 0.82 (0.69-0.98) for beta-carotene, 0.86 (0.73-1.01) for beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.82 (0.64-1.06) for lutein/zeaxanthin, and 1.13 (0.95-1.34) for lycopene. In conclusion, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with decreasing risk of renal cell cancer; carotenoids present in fruit and vegetables may partly contribute to this protection. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Rackley JD |
Complementary and alternative medicine for advanced prostate cancer. |
2006 |
Complimentary and alternative medicines (CAM) have increased drastically in popularity in the past decade. These are largely in the form of nutritional supplements. Despite a wealth of information sources on the subject, the fundamental problem with CAM herapies is a dearth of evidence-based medicine. Advanced prostate cancer has significant long-term morbidity, and there is a growing interest in alternative and complimentary forms of therapy that will improve the outcomes of patients who have recurrent or advanced prostate cancer while obviating the need for more toxic forms of therapy. In this article we summarize the use of some of the more common CAM nutritional supplements and review the scientific data that are available to support their use. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Giovannucci E |
Does prostate-specific antigen screening influence the results of studies of tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk? |
2007 |
In this issue of the Journal, Kavanaugh et al. (1) describe how the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated the scientific evidence for proposed qualified health claims for tomatoes and lycopene with respect to the risks of prostate cancer and other types of cancers. After the authors qualitatively reviewed the studies, they concluded that there was "a very low level of comfort that a relationship exists between the consumption of tomatoes and/or tomato sauce and prostate cancer risk." This conclusion is disappointing given that some initial studies of tomato product intake or circulating lycopene levels suggested an association with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, providing some hope for prostate cancer prevention (2–6). However, a number of recent studies, including some (7–9) too recent to be included in the review by Kavanaugh et al. (1), have not supported this association or have been equivocal. Should we now conclude that tomatoes or lycopene are unlikely to have any role in prostate carcinogenesis? Before we do, we should consider a potentially complicating factor, which is that most of the recent studies have been conducted in populations in which most prostate cancers are identified through prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. In interpreting the evidence for a risk factor in relation to prostate cancer risk, two major considerations are how PSA screening influences the diagnosis and epidemiology of prostate cancer and when during prostate carcinogenesis that risk factor is operative. |
Editorial |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Dinkova-Kostova AT |
Phytochemicals as protectors against ultraviolet radiation: versatility of effects and mechanisms. |
2008 |
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the most abundant carcinogens in our environment, and the development of non-melanoma skin cancers, the most common type of human malignancy worldwide, represents one of the major consequences of excessive exposure. Because of growing concerns that the level of UV radiation is increasing as a result of depletion of the stratospheric ozone and climate change, the development of strategies for protection of the skin is an urgent need. Many phytochemicals that belong to various families of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids (caffeine, sanguinarine), flavonoids [(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, genistein, silibinin], carotenoids ( beta-carotene, lycopene), and isothiocyanates (sulforaphane), offer exciting platforms for the development of such protective strategies. These phytochemicals have been consumed by humans for many centuries as part of plant-rich diets and are presumed to be of low toxicity, an essential requirement for a chemoprotective agent. Mechanistically, they affect multiple signalling pathways and protect against UV radiation-inflicted damage by their ability to act as direct and indirect antioxidants, as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents. Such "pluripotent character" is a critical prerequisite for an agent that is designed to counteract the multiple damaging effects of UV radiation. Especially attractive are inducers of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, which controls the gene expression of proteins whose activation leads to enhanced protection against oxidants and electrophiles. Such protection is comprehensive, long-lasting, and unlikely to cause pro-oxidant effects or interfere with the synthesis of vitamin D. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (liver) |
Glauert HP |
Dietary antioxidants in the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis: a review. |
2010 |
In this review, the role of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis is examined. Both human and animal models are discussed. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium are antioxidants that are essential in the human diet. A number of non-essential chemicals also contain antioxidant activity and are consumed in the human diet, mainly as plants or as supplements, including beta-carotene, ellagic acid, curcumin, lycopene, coenzyme Q(10), epigallocatechin gallate, N-acetyl cysteine, and resveratrol. Although some human and animal studies show protection against carcinogenesis with the consumption of higher amounts of antioxidants, many studies show no effect or an enhancement of carcinogenesis. Because of the conflicting results from these studies, it is difficult to make dietary recommendations as to whether consuming higher amounts of specific antioxidants will decrease the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. |
Review |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (lung) |
Gallicchio L |
Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. |
2008 |
BACKGROUND: Carotenoids are thought to have anti-cancer properties, but findings from population-based research
have been inconsistent. |
Meta- |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (panc) |
Nitsche C |
Environmental risk factors for chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. |
2011 |
Chronic pancreatitis has long been thought to be mainly associated with immoderate alcohol consumption. The observation that only ~10% of heavy drinkers develop chronic pancreatitis not only suggests that other environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, are potent additional risk factors, but also that the genetic component of pancreatitis is more common than previously presumed. Either disease-causing or protective traits have been indentified for mutations in different trypsinogen genes, the gene for the trypsin inhibitor SPINK1, chymotrypsinogen C, and the cystic fibrosis transmembane conductance regulator (CFTR). Other factors that have been proposed to contribute to pancreatitis are obesity, diets high in animal protein and fat, as well as antioxidant deficiencies. For the development of pancreatic cancer, preexisting chronic pancreatitis, more prominently hereditary pancreatitis, is a risk factor. The data on environmental risk factors for pancreatic cancer are, with the notable exception of tobacco smoke, either sparse, unconfirmed or controversial. Obesity appears to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in the West but not in Japan. Diets high in processed or red meat, diets low in fruits and vegetables, phytochemicals such as lycopene and flavonols, have been proposed and refuted as risk or protective factors in different trials. The best established and single most important risk factor for cancer as well as pancreatitis and the one to clearly avoid is tobacco smoke. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Gerster H |
The potential role of lycopene for human health. |
1997 |
Lycopene is one of the major carotenoids in Western diets and is found almost exclusively in tomatoes and tomato products. It accounts for about 50% of carotenoids in human serum. Among the common dietary carotenoids lycopene has the highest singlet oxygen quenching capacity in vitro. Other outstanding features are its high concentration in testes, adrenal gland and prostate. In contrast to other carotenoids its serum values are not regularly reduced by smoking or alcohol consumption but by increasing age. Remarkable inverse relationships between lycopene intake or serum values and risk have been observed in particular for cancers of the prostate, pancreas and to a certain extent of the stomach. In some of the studies lycopene was the only carotenoid associated with risk reduction. Its role in cancer risk reduction still needs to be clarified. Patients with HIV infection, inflammatory diseases and hyperlipidemia with and without lipid lowering treatment may have depleted lycopene serum concentrations. Before embarking on large-scale human trials the distribution of lycopene and its biological functions need to be further evaluated. |
Review |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Hadley CW |
Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer: progress and promise. |
2002 |
Prostate cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in nations that have an affluent culture with an aging population. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Oh WK |
Complementary and alternative therapies in prostate cancer. |
2002 |
Complementary and alternative therapies are used with increasing frequency in men with prostate cancer. However, little is known about the efficacy of such therapies for this cancer. While epidemiological data support the association between intake of certain micronutrients with development of prostate cancer, there exist limited prospective data that support the chemopreventative or therapeutic value of such nutritional agents in prostate cancer. To date, one of the most studied treatments has been PC-SPES, a combination of eight herbal therapies with activity against prostate cancer. Studies in cell lines of human prostate cancer demonstrate significant dose-dependent decreases in cellular viability after exposure to extracts of this agent. Clinical studies suggested that PC-SPES could reduce prostate specific antigen levels in patients with either androgen-dependent or androgen-independent prostate cancer. Toxicity was mild, although there was a low risk of thromboembolic events with such treatment. Manufacture of PC-SPES was recently halted, after revelations that the herbal combination was contaminated with warfarin, which led to a recall by the manufacturer. Subsequent analyses also revealed the presence of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and indomethicin in some lots of PC-SPES. Available data regarding other alternative therapies are reviewed as well. Semin Oncol 29:575-584. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Campbell JK |
Tomato phytochemicals and prostate cancer risk. |
2004 |
Mounting evidence over the past decade suggests that the consumption of fresh and processed tomato products is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer. The emerging hypothesis is that lycopene, the primary red carotenoid in tomatoes, may be the principle phytochemical responsible for this reduction in risk. A number of potential mechanisms by which lycopene may act have emerged, including serving as an important in vivo antioxidant, enhancing cell-to-cell communication via increasing gap junctions between cells, and modulating cell-cycle progression. Although the effect of lycopene is biologically relevant, the tomato is also an excellent source of nutrients, including folate, vitamin C, and various other carotenoids and phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, which also may be associated with lower cancer risk. Tomatoes also contain significant quantities of potassium, as well as some vitamin A and vitamin E. Our laboratory has been interested in identifying specific components or combination of components in tomatoes that are responsible for reducing prostate cancer risk. We carried out cell culture trials to evaluate the effects of tomato carotenoids and tomato polyphenols on growth of prostate cancer cells. We also evaluated the ability of freeze-dried whole-tomato powder or lycopene alone to reduce growth of prostate tumors in rats. This paper reviews the epidemiological evidence, evaluating the relationship between prostate cancer risk and tomato consumption, and presents experimental data from this and other laboratories that support the hypothesis that whole tomato and its phytochemical components reduce the risk of prostate cancer. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Bemis DL |
Clinical trials of natural products as chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer. |
2006 |
Epidemiological research on prostate cancer risk in men throughout the world has identified significant correlations between dietary habits and prostate cancer occurrence. These studies served as a catalyst for exploration into the potential of dietary substances to act as chemopreventive agents against this disease, and include green tea catechins, lycopene, soy isoflavones, pomegranate phenolics, selenium, vitamins E and D, curcumin and resveratrol. Before these agents (in the dietary or purified forms) can be recommended as useful chemopreventive strategies for patients, their activity must be confirmed in rigorously designed clinical trials. This review discusses the preclinical and clinical data available for these dietary agents and describes relevant clinical trials currently being conducted. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Bemis DL |
The use of herbal and over-the-counter dietary supplements for the prevention of prostate cancer. |
2006 |
Having a high probability of experiencing prostate cancer during their lifetime, men are increasingly seeking protection against this disease with the use of over-the-counter dietary supplements containing herbs, vitamins, or plant-derived biochemical agents. The use of these agents for prostate cancer prevention is driven by epidemiology supporting the idea that regional diets and consumption of specific dietary components (certain herbs, vitamins, isoflavones, and polyphenols) are associated with a lower risk for prostate cancer, in conjunction with basic research that is defining molecules within food substances that kill or suppress growth of cultured human prostate cancer cells. Moreover, there is a sense that these dietary agents lack side effects, although this assumption often is faulty. Unfortunately, at this time, there is insufficient clinical evidence to support the widespread use of these dietary supplements for chemoprevention of prostate cancer, although ongoing clinical trials of the most promising vitamins and minerals are approaching conclusion. |
Review |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Ellinger S |
Tomatoes, tomato products and lycopene in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer: do we have the evidence from intervention studies? |
2006 |
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Lycopene-rich foods such as fresh tomatoes and tomato products are discussed as potential
effectors in the prevention and therapy of prostate cancer. This review provides an overview on the efficacy of supplementation
with tomatoes, tomato products and lycopene on appropriate surrogate endpoint biomarkers such as DNA damage and
metabolites of the insulin-like growth factor pathway in healthy individuals and prostate cancer patients. |
Review |
(-) |
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Theobald S |
[Nutrition and prostate cancer--what is the scientific evidence?] |
2006 |
Prostate cancer is the most frequently occurring form of cancer in German men with an incidence of 49.000 in the year 2002.
Epidemiological studies indicate diet and physical activity may play major roles in both incidence and progression of the |
Review |
(-) |
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Coates PM |
Evidence-based reviews in support of health policy decisions. |
2007 |
In this issue of the Journal, Kavanaugh et al. (2) describe the approach that the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has used to incorporate evidence-based review principles into the challenging area of evaluating qualified claims for health benefits of foods and food components that are marketed as dietary supplements (2). The particular topic of this paper was qualified health claims for tomatoes and for lycopene, a constituent of tomatoes that is marketed as a dietary supplement, in reducing the risk of some forms of cancer, including prostate cancer. FDA's systematic review of the relevant literature followed the rules that are crucial to evidence-based review and, as such, exemplifies the transparency and neutrality of an evidence-based review approach in evaluating the strength of the available evidence in an area where the expectation of risk reduction sometimes results in a biased interpretation of the evidence. However, there are several issues that must be taken into account when considering the processes that FDA was obliged to use to meet its needs. |
Editorial |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Fleshner N |
Prostate cancer prevention: past, present, and future. |
2007 |
Prostate cancer is the most common male malignancy and the second or third leading cause of cancer death among men in the West. The descriptive epidemiology of prostate cancer suggests that it is a preventable disease. Prevention has the theoretical advantage of not only saving lives, but also reduce the morbidity of radical prostate cancer therapy. This article reviews the past, present, and future of prostate cancer prevention. In particular, the evidence and scientific data of a variety of prevention strategies are reviewed. Strategies reviewed include dietary fat reduction and supplementation with vitamins D and E, and selenium. Dietary intake of soy, green tea, and tomato-rich products (lycopene) are also reviewed. Data regarding pharmacological intervention with cyclo-oxygenease inhibitors, antiestrogens, and in particular 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are reviewed. The results of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial including the controversy surrounding higher-grade cancers among men randomized to finasteride are also summarized. Finally, a variety of trial designs as well as a roster of current phase 2 trials are presented. Probably no cancer is being investigated more thoroughly in the context of prevention as prostate cancer in 2007. Definitive answers to pivotal phase 3 trials will be available in the coming 2 to 7 years. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Lindshield BL |
Lycopenoids: are lycopene metabolites bioactive? |
2007 |
In vitro lycopene is the most potent antioxidant among carotenoids. While antioxidant function may be relevant to health, we hypothesize that metabolites of lycopene may be bioactive and responsible for the beneficial effects of tomato product consumption. We term these metabolites "lycopenoids," which we believe may be produced from carotenoid monooxygenase (CMO) II, paralleling the production of retinoids from beta-carotene by CMO I. We present evidence suggesting that tomato carotenoid metabolites may be responsible for the reduced risk of prostate cancer seen in men consuming high levels of tomato products. Finally, we identify gaps in knowledge in this evolving area of carotenoid research. |
Review |
(-) |
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Syed DN |
Chemoprevention of prostate cancer through dietary agents: progress and promise. |
2007 |
Prostate cancer (CaP) is second only to lung cancer as the cause of cancer-related deaths in American men and is responsible for over 29,000 deaths per year. One promising approach to reduce the incidence of CaP is through chemoprevention, which has been recognized as a plausible and cost-effective approach to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by inhibiting precancerous events before the occurrence of clinical disease. Indeed, CaP is an ideal candidate disease for chemoprevention because it is typically diagnosed in the elderly population with a relatively slower rate of growth and progression, and therefore, even a modest delay in the development of cancer, achieved through pharmacologic or nutritional intervention, could result in substantial reduction in the incidence of clinically detectable disease. In this review, we have summarized the recent investigations and mechanistic studies on CaP chemoprevention using dietary agents, such as selenium, vitamins D and E, lycopene, phytoestrogens, flavonoids, and green tea polyphenols. Well-designed trials are required to delineate the potential clinical usefulness of these agents through issues, such as determining the optimal period and route of administration, systemic bioavailability, optimal dosing and toxicity of the agent, and single or combinatorial approach. It is hoped that, combining the knowledge based on agents with targets, effective approaches for CaP chemoprevention can be established. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Von Low EC |
Review. Facts and fiction of phytotherapy for prostate cancer: a critical assessment of preclinical and clinical data. |
2007 |
The objective of this work was to substantially review all preclinical and clinical data on phytochemicals, such as genistein, lycopene, curcumin, epigallocatechin-gallate, and resveratrol, in terms of their effects as a potential treatment of prostate cancer. It is known, that prostate cancer patients increasingly use complementary and alternative medicines in the hope of preventing or curing cancer. The preclinical data for the phytochemicals presented in this review show a remarkable efficacy against prostate cancer cells in vitro, with molecular targets ranging from cell cycle regulation to induction of apoptosis. In addition, well-conducted animal experiments support the belief that these substances might have a clinical activity on human cancer. However, it is impossible to make definite statements or conclusions on the clinical efficacy in cancer patients because of the great variability and differences of the study designs, small patient numbers, short treatment duration and lack of a standardised drug formulation. Although some results from these clinical studies seem encouraging, reliable or long-term data on tumor recurrence, disease progression and survival are unknown. At present, there is no convincing clinical proof or evidence that the cited phythochemicals might be used in an attempt to cure cancer of the prostate. |
Review |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Dahan K |
Lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer. |
2008 |
Based on the evidence from epidemiologic, animal, and in vitro data and human clinical trials, it is evident that lycopene, a non-provitamin A carotenoid, is a promising agent for prostate cancer chemoprevention. It is also clear that the form of lycopene used (purified versus food sources), dose of lycopene and concomitant use with other carotenoids and antioxidants, duration of exposure, specific target populations, and stage of disease appear to play a major role in determining agonistic or antagonistic effects. Based on our review, there is enough evidence to warrant use of lycopene in phase I and II clinical trials to examine its safety and efficacy as a potential chemopreventive agent for prostate cancer. The objective of this article is to review this evidence from epidemiologic, animal, in vitro, and clinical trials and provide the need and rationale to examine further the role of lycopene for prostate cancer prevention. |
Review |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Magri V |
Activity of Serenoa repens, lycopene and selenium on prostatic disease: evidences and hypotheses. |
2008 |
An increasing number of preclinical data, epidemiological evidences and clinical trials point to a potential role of natural compounds like herbal extracts, carotenoids and specific metals in the prevention and/or treatment of different prostate conditions, like hyperplasia, inflammation, cancer. The present article reviews some of the major and most recent findings on the therapeutic properties of three of the most widely used compounds, i.e. Serenoa repens, lycopene and selenium. Although the mechanism of action of these compounds ought to be further characterized by focused investigation, it appears that a common feature of these agents may be a dual activity on proliferative disorders as well as on inflammatory conditions at the level of the prostate gland. |
Review |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Van Patten CL |
Diet and dietary supplement intervention trials for the prevention of prostate cancer recurrence: a review of the randomized controlled trial evidence. |
2008 |
PURPOSE: We review the effect of diet and dietary supplement interventions on prostate cancer progression, recurrence
and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL to
identify diet and dietary supplement intervention studies in men with prostate cancer using prostate specific antigen or
prostate specific antigen doubling time as a surrogate serum biomarker of prostate cancer recurrence and/or survival. |
Review |
|
|
|
N |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Wigle DT |
Role of hormonal and other factors in human prostate cancer. |
2008 |
American men have a lifetime risk of about 18% for prostate cancer diagnosis. Large international variations in prostate |
Review |
(-) |
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Chan R |
Prostate cancer and vegetable consumption. |
2009 |
Epidemiological studies have shown marked variations in prostate cancer incidence and mortality across different geographic regions, leading to the rising interest in the role of nutrition in prostate cancer risk. There is also a large body of evidence that a diverse diet, rich in vegetables, can reduce the risk of prostate cancer. In this review, the role of various kinds of vegetables and their bioactive compounds associated with prostate cancer risk, and the underlying mechanisms of these associations are summarized. There is accumulating evidence to support the consumption of lycopene, in particular tomato and tomato-based products, as protective factors against prostate cancer. Evidence on the protective role of beta-carotene was inconsistent from cohort and case-control studies. Evidence on the effect of pulses or soy consumption on prostate cancer risk was limited but suggestive of decreased risk with increased pulses or soy consumption. However, the role of vitamin C, vitamin E, allium vegetables, and cruciferous vegetables on prostate cancer risk remains to be determined due to limited evidence. Although the impact on prostate cancer risk differs among various vegetables and their constituent nutrients, the overall benefits of plant based diet on cancer prevention and other diet-related diseases should be promoted. |
Review |
(-) |
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Colli JL |
Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: what can be recommended to patients? |
2009 |
Prostate cancer is third to lung and colon cancer as the cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. It is estimated that there will have been more than 28,000 deaths and 186,000 new cases in 2008 that will impose a significant burden on national health care costs. Chemoprevention aims to reduce both incidence and mortality through the use of agents to prevent, reverse, or delay the carcinogenic process. This study provides clinicians with information on some chemoprevention agents that have been considered to reduce prostate cancer risks, including 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors; statins (a class of compounds used to reduce cholesterol); NSAIDs; selenium; vitamins E and D; lycopene; allium vegetables (garlic, scallions, onions, chives, and leeks); soy/isoflavones; and green tea polyphenols. The evidence to support prostate cancer risk reduction benefits for each chemoprevention agent based on a review of the literature is provided. |
Review |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Ellinger S |
[Tomatoes and lycopene in prevention and therapy--is there an evidence for prostate diseases?] |
2009 |
Tomatoes are discussed to have an important role in the prevention of and therapy for prostate cancer (PCA). Whether or not they are also useful in the primary and secondary prevention of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is not clear. This review summarises the results of original contributions with a focus on interventional studies. Whereas epidemiological studies on BPH prevention provide no evidence for a preventive potential of tomatoes and tomato products, the majority of interventional trials points to an increased DNA resistance against oxidative-induced damage. Even though their effect on a surrogate marker of the IGF pathway cannot be evaluated so far due to insufficient data, the consumption of tomatoes and tomato products may probably protect from PCA--at least when considering low-grade PCA. Thus, regular consumption of these foods can be recommended for the prevention of PCA. Tomato products might also be useful in the therapy for BPH and PCA. The intake of isolated lycopene does not protect from the development of PCA. However, in the doses achieved by consumption of tomato products, lycopene ingestion might also be effective in PCA therapy. |
Review |
N/(-) |
|
|
N/(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Haseen F |
Is there a benefit from lycopene supplementation in men with prostate cancer? A systematic review. |
2009 |
Lycopene has a chemopreventive effect against prostate cancer but its role in prostate cancer progression is unknown; many patients increase their intake of lycopene, although there are no evidence-based guidelines to suggest an effect. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of literature to evaluate the association between lycopene intake and prostate cancer progression. MEDLINE, EMBASE CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, AMED and CENTRAL databases were systematically searched using terms for lycopene and prostate cancer progression to identify studies published before January 2009. Eight intervention studies were identified (five with no control group; one with an unmatched control group; and two randomized controlled trials (RCTs)). An inverse association was observed between lycopene intake and PSA levels in six studies. The rates of progression measured by bone scan in one RCT were lower in the intervention group. Lycopene resulted in lowering cancer-related symptoms (pain, urinary tract symptoms), and severe toxicity or intolerance was not evident. However, the evidence available to date is insufficient to draw a firm conclusion with respect to lycopene supplementation in prostate cancer patients and larger RCTs are required in broader patient groups. |
Review |
|
|
|
(-) |
PSA |
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Itsiopoulos C |
Can the Mediterranean diet prevent prostate cancer? |
2009 |
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Despite the global importance of this cancer, until recently little was known about risk factors apart from the well-established factors: age, family history and country of birth. The large worldwide variation in prostate cancer risk and increased risk in migrants moving from low to high risk countries provides strong support for modifiable environmental factors. We have based our review on the findings of a systematic review undertaken by an expert panel on behalf of the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research, and new data since then, linking identified foods and nutrients with prostate cancer. Evidence indicates that foods containing lycopene, as well as selenium and foods containing it, probably protect against prostate cancer, and excess consumption of foods or supplements containing calcium are a probable cause of this cancer. The expert panel also concluded that it is unlikely that beta-carotene (whether from foods or supplements) has a substantial effect on the risk of this cancer. A recent review on environmental factors in human prostate cancer also found that there were protective effects of vitamin E, pulses, soy foods and high plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. The Mediterranean diet is abundant in foods that may protect against prostate cancer and is associated with longevity and reduced cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Compared with many Western countries Greece has lower prostate cancer mortality and Greek migrant men in Australia have retained their low risk for prostate cancer. Consumption of a traditional Mediterranean diet, rich in bioactive nutrients, may confer protection to Greek migrant men, and this dietary pattern offers a palatable alternative for prevention of this disease. |
Review |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Ma RW |
A systematic review of the effect of diet in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. |
2009 |
Dietary therapy has been proposed as a cost effective and noninvasive means of reducing the risk of prostate cancer (PC) and its progression. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of PC. This article systematically reviews the data for dietary-based therapy in the prevention of PC, as well as in the management of patients with PC, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of diet in preventing and treating PC. Although conclusive evidence is limited, the current data are indicative that a diet low in fat, high in vegetables and fruits, and avoiding high energy intake, excessive meat, excessive dairy products and calcium intake, is possibly effective in preventing PC. However, caution must be taken to ensure that members of the public do not take excessive amounts of dietary supplements because there may be adverse affects associated with their over consumption. The dietary recommendations for patients diagnosed with PC are similar to those aiming to reduce their risk of PC |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Ilic D |
Lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer. |
2011 |
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a common cause of death in developed countries, yet the benefits of screening for prostate
cancer still remain controversial. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test result greater than 4 ng/mL (nanograms/millilitre) has
commonly been used as the cut-off level for seeking further tests to diagnose the presence (or absence) of prostate cancer. An
increase in PSA levels may not necessarily be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, as PSA levels may also
be increased in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. Despite the uncertainty of the net benefit of early
detection and treatment, safe and effective methods to prevent prostate cancer are of value. Consumers, seeking greater
involvement in their healthcare, are increasingly turning to lifestyle modification and complementary and alternative medicines
(CAMs) to maintain their health and prevent disease. Lycopene is a member of the carotenoid family, which is found abundantly
in tomatoes, tomato-based products, strawberries, and watermelon. It has been hypothesised that lycopene is a strong
antioxidant, which may lower the risk of cancer (including prostate cancer) in people who have diets rich in lycopene. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer Risk Reviews (prostate) |
Lippi G |
Tomatoes, lycopene-containing foods and cancer risk. |
2011 |
EXCERPT: |
RCT |
|
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk Reviews |
Van Patten CL |
Diet and dietary supplement intervention trials for the prevention of prostate cancer recurrence: a review of the randomized controlled trial evidence. |
2008 |
PURPOSE: We review the effect of diet and dietary supplement interventions on prostate cancer progression, recurrence
and survival. |
Review |
(-) |
|
|
(-) |
|
Cancer Risk |
Wright TI |
Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. |
2006 |
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in human beings. The increased incidence of skin cancer has brought much attention
to the process by which these tumors develop and how they can be revented. Efforts have been made to educate the public
about the importance of protecting skin from excessive ultraviolet light. Despite this work, the incidence of skin cancer continues
to increase. Available compounds may be useful in the chemoprevention of skin cancer. Chemoprevention is defined as oral or
topical use of dietary or pharmacologic agents to inhibit or reverse the development of cancer. Potential agents included are the
retinoids; difluoromethylornithine; T4 endonuclease V; polyphenolic antioxidants, such as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, found in
green tea and grape seed extract; silymarin; isoflavone genestein; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; curcumin; lycopene;
vitamin E; beta-carotene; and selenium. Many of these agents are available over the counter as topical or oral preparations. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer: breast |
Hu F |
Carotenoids and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. |
2011 |
The purpose of this article is to comprehensively summarize the associations between carotenoids and breast cancer and quantitatively estimate their dose-response relationships. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases (from January 1982 to 1 May 2011) and the references of the relevant articles in English with sufficient information to estimate relative risk or odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals, and comparable categories of carotenoids. Two reviewers independently extracted data using a standardized form; with any discrepancy adjudicated by the third reviewer. 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. Comparing the highest with the lowest intake: dietary α-carotene intake significantly reduced the breast cancer risk by 9.0% (pooled RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85-0.98; P = 0.01), dietary β-carotene intake reduced the risk by 6.0% (pooled RR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.88-1.00; P = 0.05); total β-carotene intake reduced the risk by 5.0% (pooled RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90-1.01; P = 0.08) when data from cohort studies were pooled. Significant dose-response relationships were observed in both the higher intake of dietary and total β-carotene with reduced breast cancer risk when data from cohort studies (P (trend) < 0.01, P (trend) = 0.03) and case-control studies (P (trend) < 0.01, P (trend) < 0.01) were pooled, respectively. Dietary α-carotene intake could reduce the breast cancer risk. The relationships between dietary and total β-carotene intake and breast cancer need to be confirmed. No significant association between dietary intake of β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/+zeaxanthin, and lycopene and breast cancer was observed. |
Meta- |
|
|
|
N |
|
|
Ilic D |
Continuation of: Lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer. |
2011 |
MAIN RESULTS: Three RCTs, with a total of 154 participants were included in this review. None of the studies reported data
on prostate cancer mortality. All of the included studies differed with respect to design, participants included and allocation
of lycopene. This clinical heterogeneity limits the value on the pooled estimated of the meta-analyses. The methodological
quality of two of the three included studies was assessed as posing a 'high' risk of bias. Meta-analysis indicated no statistical
difference in PSA levels between men randomised to receive lycopene and the comparison group (MD (mean difference) -0.34,
95% CI (confidence interval) -2.01, 1.32). Only one study reported incidence of prostate cancer (10% in the lycopene group
versus 30% in control group). The level of lycopene was also not statistically different in men randomised to receive lycopene
and the comparison group (MD 0.39 µg/mL (micrograms/millilitre), 95% CI -0.19, 0.98). No other meta-analyses were possible
since other outcomes assessed only had one study contributing data. |
Review |
|
|
|
|
|