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Special Interest - Page 3s
Special interest studies are those that were reviewed, are related to the topic area and considered of “interest” but do not specifically associate tomato or lycopene with a disease risk outcome in humans. These studies are generally older publications and focus on fruit and vegetable intake on disease risk; or in the case of newer investigations focus on mechanism of action in in vivo animal or in vitro models.
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generalpopulation | Vrieling A | Dietary determinants of circulating insulin-likegrowth factor (IGF)-I andIGF binding proteins 1, -2and -3 in women in theNetherlands. Vrieling A, Voskuil DW, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Kaaks R, van Noord PA, Keinan-Boker L, van Gils CH, Peeters PH. Cancer Causes Control.2004 Oct;15(8):787-96. |
2004 | OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological studies suggest that individuals with elevated plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I)are at increased risk of developing cancer. We assessed whether dietary intake of total energy, protein, alcohol, phytoestrogensand related foods, and tomatoes and lycopene was associated with plasma levels of IGF-I and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) inDutch women. Further research on the bioavalability, pharmacology, biochemistry, and physiology must be done to reveal the mechanism of lycopene in human diet, and the in vivo metabolism of lycopene. Consumer demand for healthy food products provides an opportunity to develop lycopene-rich food as new functional foods, as well as food-grade and pharmaceutical-grade lycopene as new nutraceutical products. An industrial scale, environmentally friendly lycopene extraction and purification procedure with minimal loss of bioactivities is highly desirable for the foods, feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. High-quality lycopene products that meet food safety regulations will offer potential benefits to the food industry. |
CS | N | ||||
| Generalpopulation | Ferrari P | An approach to estimatebetween- and within-group correlation coefficients in multicenter studies: plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of intake of fruits and vegetables. Ferrari P, Al-Delaimy WK, Slimani N, Boshuizen HC, Roddam A, Orfanos P, Skeie G, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Thiebaut A, Johansson G, Palli D, Boeing H, Overvad K, Riboli E. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 15;162(6):5918. Epub 2005 Aug 10. |
2005 | In a multicenter study, the overall correlation between two variables can be broken down into a within- and a between-group correlation reflecting associations at the individual and aggregate levels, respectively. A random-effects model is used to estimate variance components of nutrition-related variables and the within- and between-group correlation coefficients. Using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), the authors analyzed the association between levels of three plasma carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene) and dietary intake of three items (total fruits, carrots, and tomatoes), assessed through dietary questionnaire and single 24-hour dietary recall measurements, in a cross-sectional study involving 3,089 subjects from nine European countries. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.178 for alpha-carotene, 0.216 for beta-cryptoxanthin, and 0.299 for lycopene. The between-group correlation coefficients were higher than the within-group coefficients for all three carotenoids. For beta-cryptoxanthin and fruit intake, the between-group versus the within-group correlations were 0.78 and 0.26 for the dietary questionnaire and 0.85 and 0.19 for the 24-hour dietary recall. Results indicate that variability of exposure is driven mainly by the individual compared with the aggregate variation and that biomarker levels perform fairly accurately in discriminating population-level consumption of fruits and vegetables. | CS |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generalpopulation(EPIC) | Jansen MC | Plasma carotenoid levelsin Dutch men and women, and the relationwith vegetable and fruit consumption. Jansen MC, Van Kappel AL, Ocke MC, Van 't Veer P, Boshuizen HC, Riboli E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;58(10):138695. |
2004 | OBJECTIVE: Fruit and vegetable intake is inversely associated with cancer risk in many epidemiological studies. Accurate assessment of consumption of these foods is difficult, and biomarkers of intake would overcome several drawbacks of currently used dietary assessment methods. Therefore, we investigated the relation between plasma carotenoids and usual vegetable and fruit intake. DESIGN: Plasma carotenoid concentrations were measured and vegetable, fruit and juice consumption was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in a random sample of 591 Dutch men and women aged 20-59 y from the MORGEN-project, one of the contributions to the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-study. RESULTS: In this sample of the general Dutch population, in both genders, relative to the other carotenoids, plasma beta-cryptoxanthin was the best indicator for fruit intake, and for the sum of vegetable, fruit and juice intake, while lutein concentrations best reflected intake of vegetables, although quartiles of intake were not consistently separated. Since levels of lycopene were not associated with any of the main food groups examined, associations with total carotenoids improved when excluding lycopene, and monotonously increasing plasma levels were seen for intakes of vegetables, of fruits, and of the sum of vegetables, fruits and juices. Several vegetable types and orange/grapefruit juice were associated with plasma levels of one of the carotenoids. CONCLUSION: Plasma carotenoids were only crude indicators of vegetable and fruit intake as assessed by a FFQ; beta-cryptoxanthin for fruit intake and lutein for vegetable intake. None of the plasma carotenoids could distinguish all four quartiles of vegetables, fruit and/or juice intake. |
PC subset | Markers of vegetable& fruit intake | ||||
| Generalpopulation | Gomez-Aracena J | Vegetable consumption and carotenoids in plasma and adipose tissue in Malaga, Spain. Gomez-Aracena J, Bogers R, Van't Veer P, Gomez-Gracia Garcia-Rodriguez A, Wedel H, Fernandez-Crehuet Navajas J. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 Feb;73(1):24-31. |
2003 | OBJECTIVE: To study relationships between habitual dietary intake, adipose tissue concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene, and plasma concentrations of alpha- and beta-carotene. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study including assessment of food habits by a food frequency questionnaire and 48-hour recall and determination of carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma. SUBJECTS: 51 women (mean age of 62 years) from the control group of the European Community Multicentre Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer (EURAMIC), Malaga, Spain. RESULTS: In adipose tissue, beta-carotene was correlated with consumption of green pepper (r = 0.36; p < 0.05) and lycopene with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.28; p < 0.05), green pepper (r = 0.31; p < 0.05), and carrot (r = 0.25; p < 0.10). In plasma, beta-carotene was correlated with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.29; p < 0.10), lettuce (r = 0.34; p < 0.05), tomato (r = 0.26; p < 0.10), and lycopene with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.27; p < 0.10). Age-, BMI- and waist circumference-adjusted regression coefficients for the regression of logn-transformed adipose and plasma concentrations on consumption of specific fruits and vegetables (per 100 g/day) were calculated. In adipose tissue, coefficients were: 1.50 (p < 0.05) for alpha-carotene/carrot 1.90 (p < 0.10) and 0.51 (p < 0.10) for beta-carotene/green pepper and lettuce; 2.02 (p < 0.05), 1.25 (p < 0.05) and 0.18 (p < 0.05) for lycopene/green pepper, carrot and total fruit/vegetable intake. In plasma, coefficients were 1.14 (p < 0.05) and 0.21 (p < 0.05) for beta-carotene/lettuce and total fruit/vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of fruit and vegetables could be linked directly to carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma. Although associations with individual food items are related to their carotenoid contents, the absorption and distribution of carotenoids needs more attention to improve their usefulness as biomarkers of exposure. |
CS | F/V + lyco |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geno-typing | Goodman M | Lycopene intake and prostate cancer risk: effect modification by plasma antioxidants and the XRCC1 genotype. Goodman M, Bostick RM, Ward KC, Terry PD, van Gils CH, Taylor JA, Mandel JS Nutr Cancer. 2006;55(1):13-20. |
2006 | Lycopene has been associated with reduced prostate cancer risk, although the results of epidemiological studies have varied. We hypothesize that an effect of lycopene may be modified by XRCC1 genotype and other antioxidants. We used a food-frequency questionnaire to assess lycopene intake in a case-control study of prostate cancer in North Carolina. Plasma alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. XRCC1 genotypes were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The final dataset included 77 cases and 174 controls with complete questionnaires, genotyping, and plasma analyses. Among men with the Arg/Arg genotype at codon 399, odds ratios (ORs) for prostate cancer risk associated with medium (732-1,529 microg/day) and high (>1,529 microg/day) lycopene intake were 0.59 (95% confidence interval = 0.23-1.50) and 0.21 (0.06-0.71), respectively (P(trend) < 0.01). Similar analyses for persons with Arg/Gln or Gln/Gln genotypes produced null results. Above-median (1,048 microg/day) lycopene intake combined with above-median levels of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene was associated with an OR of 0.11 (0.02-0.65) among men with the Arg/Arg genotype but not those with at least one Gln allele (P(interaction) = 0.01). Although limited by small sample size, these findings indicate that the association between lycopene and prostate cancer is complex and may be modified by other antioxidants and by XRCC1 genotype. | CC | (-) | ||||
| Healthy | Gartner C | Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. Gartner C, Stahl W, Sies H. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jul;66(1):116-22. |
1997 | Lycopene bioavailability from a single dose of fresh tomatoes or tomato paste (23 mg lycopene) ingested together with 15 g corn oil was compared by analyzing carotenoid concentrations in the chylomicron fraction. The lycopene isomer pattern was the samein both fresh tomatoes and tomato paste. The triacylglycerol response in chylomicrons was not significantly different after both treatments. Ingestion of tomato paste was found to yield 2.5-fold higher total and all-trans-lycopene peak concentrations (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively) and 3.8-fold higher area under the curve (AUC) responses (P < 0.001) than ingestion of fresh tomatoes. The same was calculated for lycopene cis-isomers, but only the AUC response for the cis-isomers was significantly higher after ingestion of tomato paste (P < 0.005). No difference was observed in the alpha- and beta-carotene response. Thus, in humans, the bioavailability of lycopene is greater from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. | Interv | Fresh vs.Processed(paste) TG + lycopene bioavailability |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy -IGF | Vrieling A | Dietary determinants of circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins 1, -2 and -3 in women in the Netherlands. Vrieling A, Voskuil DW, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Kaaks R, van Noord PA, Keinan-Boker L, van Gils CH, Peeters PH. Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Oct;15(8):787-96. |
2004 | OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological studies suggest that individuals with elevated plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) are at increased risk of developing cancer. We assessed whether dietary intake of total energy, protein, alcohol, phytoestrogens and related foods, and tomatoes and lycopene was associated with plasma levels of IGF-I and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in Dutch women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 224 premenopausal and 162 postmenopausal women, aged 49-69, participating in the Prospect-EPIC study in the Netherlands. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: In postmenopausal women, higher alcohol intake was associated with lower plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations (alcohol 1.4 to 20 g/day: 20% decrease in IGFBP-1; p = 0.04), and higher intake of plant lignans was associated with higher IGFBP-1 concentrations (plant lignans 0 to 1 mg/day: 59% increase in IGFBP-1; p =0.02). Higher soy intake was associated with higher plasma IGFBP-2 concentrations in premenopausal women (soy 0 to 2.5 g/day: 3% increase in IGFBP-2; p = 0.04). No independent associations of dietary factors with IGF-I or IGFBP-3 concentrations were observed. However, in premenopausal women alcohol intake was inversely associated with IGF-I and positively associated with IGFBP-3 after mutual adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population, with limited variation in dietary intake, total energy, protein, phytoestrogens and lycopene were not associated with IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Alcohol was inversely, and some measures of phytoestrogen intake were positively associated with plasma IGFBP-1 or -2 concentrations. The roles of IGFBP-1 and -2 in relation to IGF-I bioactivity and cancer deserve further investigation. |
CS | N | ||||
| Heart | Lin Y | Estimating the concentration of beta-carotene required for maximal protection of low-density lipoproteins in women. Lin Y, Burri BJ, Neidlinger TR, Maller HG, Dueker SR, Clifford AJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May;67(5):837-45. |
1998 | The reportedly inconsistent antioxidant protective effect of beta-carotene on plasma LDL may depend on LDL's beta-carotene concentration. We measured carbonyl production by CuSO4-challenged LDL from nine healthy women living at the US Department of Agriculture-Western Human Nutrition Research Center and consuming a natural food diet that provided only 0.14 micromol beta-carotene/d for 120 d. During the first 60 d, four women received a placebo and the remaining five women received too small a supplement (0.93 micromol beta-carotene/d) to increase plasma or LDL beta-carotene; therefore, the data for all nine women during this time were pooled. From days 61 to 120, all subjects received the small supplement. From days 101 to 120 they all received an additional, larger, mixed carotenoid supplement (6.16 micromol beta-carotene/d). Plasma beta-carotene dropped from 0.76 +/- 0.21 micromol/L (x +/- SEM) on day 2 to 0.33 +/- 0.08 on day 60 (P = 0.035) and rose to 1.73 +/- 0.18 (P = 0.001) on day 120. LDL beta-carotene dropped from 1.67 +/- 0.53 micromol/g LDL protein on day 2 to 1.27 +/- 0.28 micromol/g LDL protein on day 60 (P = 0.650) and rose to 10.04 +/- 1.07 micromol/g LDL protein (P = 0.001) on day 120. Plasma lycopene dropped from 0.20 micromol/L on day 2 to 0.02 micromol/L on day 60 and did not increase by day 120. Carbonyl production rose from 24 +/- 6 micromol/g LDL protein on day 2 to 42 +/- 4 micromol/g LDL protein (P = 0.001) on day 60 and dropped to 6 +/- 1 micromol/g LDL protein (P = 0.001) on day 120. LDL seemed fully protected with 9.7 +/- 2.5 micromol beta-carotene/g LDL protein, or 2.3 +/- 1.8 micromol beta-carotene/L plasma. | CT/RCT | plasma [lyco] ↓ during supplementation with carotene and there was ↓ LDL carbonylproduction |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart | Gitenay D | Comparison of lycopene and tomato effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress in vitamin E deficient rats. Gitenay D, Lyan B, Rambeau M, Mazur A, Rock E. Eur J Nutr. 2007 Dec;46(8):468-75. Epub 2007 Nov 17. |
2008 | BACKGROUND: Cohort studies suggested that individuals with higher intake of tomatoes and tomato products have a lower risk of degenerative diseases. Lycopene, an antioxidant and antiproliferative carotenoid, has been hypothesized to be responsible for the health benefits of tomatoes. However, studies demonstrated a higher potential of tomatoes compared to lycopene to reduce oxidative stress or carcinogenesis. AIM OF THE STUDY: Our study aimed at distinguishing lycopene effect from that of tomato on oxidative stress, by using yellow tomato, a tomato variety devoid of lycopene. METHODS: Effects of feeding with none (control), 16% freeze-dried yellow tomato (YT), 16% freeze-dried red tomato (RT) or 0.05% lycopene beadlets (LB) were compared in a rat model with mild oxidative stress induced by low vitamin E diet (LVED). Four groups of 10 rats were fed ad libitum for 6 weeks. Physiological parameters such as ingesta, body, spleen and liver weights, cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) levels were assessed. Lycopene and vitamin E concentrations and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in the plasma and/or liver and/or heart tissue of the rats. RESULTS: RT, YT, and LB had no effect on rats' ingesta, body and spleen weights. RT, YT and LB had no effect on plasma cholesterol concentration. RT decreased TG level compared to control, YT and LB (P < 0.05). Rats fed RT or LB accumulated lycopene in plasma in contrast with rats fed YT. Heart level of thiobarbituric reactive species (TBARS) in rats fed RT or YT was lower than that in the control and the LB fed rats (P < 0.05). Despite similar concentrations of lycopene in plasma and liver, rats fed LB showed a significantly higher heart level of TBARS than rats fed tomatoes. RT increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (eSOD) activity compared with LB and nitric oxide (NO) level compared with control and LB. LB decreased ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) level compared with control, RT and LB (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study showed for the first time that tomatoes, containing or not containing lycopene, have a higher potential than lycopene to attenuate and or to reverse oxidative stress-related parameters in a mild oxidative stress context. |
RAT RCT | (-) ↓ ox stress |
N | |||
| Heart | Misra R | LycoRed as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy in lowering serum lipids and oxidative stress markers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Misra R, Mangi S, Joshi S, Mittal S, Gupta SK, Pandey RM. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006 Jun;32(3):299-304. |
2006 | AIM: Menopause is a pro-atherogenic state with a sharp rise in the incidence of coronary artery disease. This pilot study was designed as an equivalence randomized clinical trial to explore the potential of LycoRed (containing 2000 microg lycopene) as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for the prevention of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Forty-one healthy postmenopausal women were randomly allocated to receive either continuous combined HRT (n = 21) or LycoRed (n = 20) for six months. Serum lipid profile, marker of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), and the level of endogenous antioxidant (glutathione) were measured at the baseline, and 3 and 6 months after the intervention in both groups. RESULTS: At 6 months, HRT resulted in a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC) level by 23.5%, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by 19.6%, and an increase in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) by 38.9%. The LycoRed group showed similar changes in TC (-24.2%), LDL (-14.9%) and HDL (+26.1%). Triglyceride levels showed a smaller though significant increase at 6 months, but not at 3 months, in both groups. There was no significant change in the very LDL (VLDL) level in either group. Malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly by 16.3% and 13.3%, whereas glutathione levels increased significantly by 5.9% and 12.5% in HRT and LycoRed groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: Both HRT and LycoRed had a favorable effect on serum lipids and oxidative stress markers which were comparable. LycoRed can be used as an alternative to HRT to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. | RCT | N |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: endotheli al fxn | Cuevas AM | A high-fat diet induces and red wine counteracts endothelial dysfunction in human volunteers. Cuevas AM, Guasch V, Castillo O, Irribarra V, Mizon C, San Martin a, Strobel P, Perez D, Germain AM, Leighton F. Lipids. 2000 Feb;35(2): 143-8. |
2000 | Endothelial dysfunction is associated with atherogenesis and oxidative stress in humans. In rat and rabbit blood vessels, wine polyphenol antioxidants induce vascular relaxation in vitro through the NO-cGMP pathway. To assess the effect of a regular high-fat diet (HFD) and moderate red wine consumption on endothelial function (EF), a study was performed in healthy male volunteers. EF was measured as flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, employing high-resolution ultrasound after an overnight fast. Other clinical and biochemical parameters related to EF were also measured. Six volunteers received a control diet, rich in fruits and vegetables (27% calories as fat) and five volunteers received an HFD (39.5% calories as fat). Measurements were done twice on each volunteer: after a period of 30 d with diet plus 240 mL of red wine/d, and after a period of 30 d with diet, without wine. In the absence of wine, there is a reduction of EF with HFD when compared to the control diet (P = 0.014). This loss of EF is not seen when both diets are supplemented with wine for 30 d (P = 0.001). Plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids (R2 = 0.232, P = 0.023) and lycopene (R2 = 0.223, P = 0.020) show a positive correlation with individual EF measurements, but they do not account for the significant differences observed among dietary groups or after wine supplementation. These results help elucidate the deleterious effect of a high-fat diet and the protective role of wine, n-3 fatty acids and dietary antioxidants in cardiovascular disease. | Interv | |||||
| Heart: oxidation | Ahuja KD | Effects of olive oil and tomato lycopene combination on serum lycopene, lipid profile, and lipid oxidation. Ahuja KD, Pittaway JK, Ball MJ. Nutrition. 2006 Mar;22(3):259-65. Epub 2006 Jan 18. |
2006 | OBJECTIVE: We compared the effect of two diets (a diet high in olive oil and a diet high in carbohydrate and low in olive oil) with high lycopene content and other controlled carotenoids on serum lycopene, lipids, and in vitro oxidation. METHODS: This was a randomized crossover dietary intervention study carried out in Launceston, Tasmania, Australia in healthy free-living individuals. Twenty-one healthy subjects who were 22 to 70 y old were recruited by advertisements in newspapers and a university newsletter. A randomized dietary intervention was done with two diets of 10 d each. One diet was high in olive oil and the other was high in carbohydrate and low in olive oil; the two diets contained the same basic foods and a controlled carotenoid content high in lycopene. RESULTS: Significant increases (P<0.001) in serum lycopene concentration on both diets were to similar final concentrations. Higher serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.01), lower ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (P<0.01), and lower triacylglycerols (P<0.05) occurred after the olive oil diet compared with the high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. There was no difference in total antioxidant status and susceptibility of serum lipids to oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: Serum lycopene level changes with dietary lycopene intake irrespective of the amount of fat intake. However, a diet high in olive oil and rich in lycopene may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease by improving the serum lipid profile compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat, lycopene-rich diet. |
Interv | N |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBS | Friedman G | Diet and the irritable bowel syndrome. Friedman G. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1991 Jun;20(2):31324. |
1991 | Food intake plays a key role in triggering or perpetuating symptoms in patients with IBS. Evaluation of the impact of diet in the individual patient requires a precise dietary history and a 7-day prospective dietary analysis, which should include the quality and quantity of food consumed, chronologic sequence and nature of symptoms, and the frequency and consistency of bowel movements. The caloric density of the meal, total fat intake, the quantity and quality of lactose-containing foods, sorbitol, fructose, and the nature and quantity of soluble and insoluble fiber intake must be noted. Patients with reflux esophageal symptoms should eliminate foods that decrease LES pressure, such as chocolate, peppermint, alcohol, and coffee. Direct esophageal mucosal irritants such as tomatoes, citrus juices, sharp condiments, and alcohol should be limited. Gastric emptying is slowed with the ingestion of fats and soluble fiber. Small bowel motility is slowed by soluble fiber and fatty foods. Gaseous syndromes may be reduced by avoidance of smoking, chewing gum, excessive liquid intake, and carbonated drinks. The reduced intake of large amounts of lactose-containing foods, sorbitol, and fructose may limit postprandial bloating. Flatus production can be lowered by reducing fermentable carbohydrates such as beans, cabbage, lentils, brussel sprouts, and legumes. Soluble and insoluble fiber ingestion will reduce sigmoidal intraluminal pressures and overcome spastic constipation when given in progressive graded doses. Effective dietary manipulations remain a key factor in reducing symptoms in IBS. | Review | (+) ↑ mucosal irritant |
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| IGF | Gunnell D | Are diet-prostate cancer associations mediated by the IGF axis? A cross-sectional analysis of diet, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in healthy middle-aged men. Gunnell D, Oliver SE, Peters TJ, Donovan JL, Persad R, Maynard M, Gillatt D, Pearce A, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Holly JM Br J Cancer. 2003 Jun 2;88(11):1682-6 |
2003 | We examined the association of diet with insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in 344 disease-free men. Raised levels of IGF-I and/or its molar ratio with IGFBP-3 were associated with higher intakes of milk, dairy products, calcium, carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fat; lower levels with high vegetable consumption, particularly tomatoes. These patterns support the possibility that IGFs may mediate some diet-cancer associations. | CS | (-) |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma lycopene | Al-Delaimy WK | Reliability of plasma carotenoid biomarkers and its relation to study power. Al-Delaimy WK, Natarajan L, Sun X, Rock CL, Pierce JP; Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study Group. Pierce JJ, Al-Delaimy WK, Rock CL, Faerber S, Newman VA, Flatt SW, Kealey S, Natarajan L, Parker BA, Karanja N, Rarick M, Caan BJ, Fehrenbacher L, Stefanick ML, Carlson RW, Thomson CA, Warnecke J, Gold EB, Scudder S, Wasserman L, Hollenbach KA, Jones LA, Theriault R. E id i l 2008 |
2008 | BACKGROUND: The reliability of biomarkers profoundly impacts validity of their use in epidemiology and can have serious implications for study power and the ability to find true associations. We assessed reliability of plasma carotenoid levels over time and how it could influence study power through sample size and effect-size. METHODS: Plasma carotenoid levels were measured in a cohort study of 1323 women participating in the control arm of the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. We compared mean plasma levels at baseline, year 1, and year 4 of the study for alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and beta-cryptoxanthin. Reliability of these levels over time was assessed by Spearman correlations and intraclass correlation. RESULTS: We found limited variation in mean levels between any 2 time points. Variation did not exceed 8% for lycopene, lutein, and beta-cryptoxanthin, 15% for alpha-carotene, and 18% for beta-carotene. Spearman correlations for individual carotenoids over time varied between 0.50 and 0.80, with lycopene having the lowest correlation. Intraclass correlations ranged from 0.47 to 0.66 for carotenoids. CONCLUSION: Intraclass correlations for plasma carotenoids over a period of several years are acceptable for epidemiologic studies. However, such variation is enough to decrease statistical power and increase the sample size needed to detect a given effect. |
PC | N | ||||
| Skin | Ermakov IV | Resonance Raman detection of carotenoid antioxidants in living human tissue. Ermakov IV, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakova M, Gellermann W. J Biomed Opt. 2005 NovDec;10(6):064028. |
2005 | Increasing evidence points to the beneficial effects of carotenoid antioxidants in the human body. Several studies, for example, support the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the prevention of age-related eye diseases. If present in high concentrations in the macular region of the retina, lutein and zeaxanthin provide pigmentation in this most light sensitive retinal spot, and as a result of light filtering and/or antioxidant action, delay the onset of macular degeneration with increasing age. Other carotenoids, such as lycopene and beta-carotene, play an important role as well in the protection of skin from UV and short-wavelength visible radiation. Lutein and lycopene may also have protective function for cardiovascular health, and lycopene may play a role in the prevention of prostate cancer. Motivated by the growing importance of carotenoids in health and disease, and recognizing the lack of any accepted noninvasive technology for the detection of carotenoids in living human tissue, we explore resonance Raman spectroscopy as a novel approach for noninvasive, laser optical carotenoid detection. We review the main results achieved recently with the Raman detection approach. Initially we applied the method to the detection of macular carotenoid pigments, and more recently to the detection of carotenoids in human skin and mucosal tissues. Using skin carotenoid Raman instruments, we measure the carotenoid response from the stratum corneum layer of the palm of the hand for a population of 1375 subjects and develop a portable skin Raman scanner for field studies. These experiments reveal that carotenoids are a good indicator of antioxidant status. They show that people with high oxidative stress, like smokers, and subjects with high sunlight exposure, in general, have reduced skin carotenoid levels, independent of their dietary carotenoid consumption. We find the Raman technique to be precise, specific, sensitive, and well suitable for clinical as well as field studies. The noninvasive laser technique may become a useful method for the correlation between tissue carotenoid levels and risk for malignancies or other degenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress. | CS | skin carotenoids with ↑ uv exposure |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin MOA | Offord EA | Photoprotective potential of lycopene, betacarotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. Offord EA, Gautier JC, Avanti O, Scaletta C, Runge F, Krämer K, Applegate LA. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Jun 15;32(12):1293303. |
2002 | The photoprotective potential of the dietary antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, lycopene, beta-carotene, and the rosemary polyphenol, carnosic acid, was tested in human dermal fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet-A (UVA) light. The carotenoids were prepared in special nanoparticle formulations together with vitamin C and/or vitamin E. Nanoparticle formulations, in contrast to dimethylsulphoxide, stablized lycopene in the cell culture medium and allowed efficient cellular uptake. The presence of vitamin E in the formulation further increased the stability and cellular uptake of lycopene. UVA irradiation of the human skin fibroblasts led to a 10-15-fold rise in metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) mRNA. This rise was suppressed in the presence of low microM concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin C, or carnosic acid but not with beta-carotene or lycopene. Indeed, in the presence of 0.5-1.0 microM beta-carotene or lycopene, the UVA-induced MMP-1 mRNA was further increased by 1.5-2-fold. This increase was totally suppressed when vitamin E was included in the nanoparticle formulation. Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA expression was strongly induced by UVA irradiation but none of the antioxidants inhibited this effect at the concentrations used in this study. Indeed, beta-carotene or lycopene (0.5-1.0 microM) led to a further 1.5-fold rise in the UVA-induced HO-1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carnosic acid showed photoprotective potential. Lycopene and beta-carotene did not protect on their own but in the presence of vitamin E, their stability in culture was improved and the rise in MMP-1 mRNA expression was suppressed, suggesting a requirement for antioxidant protection of the carotenoids against formation of oxidative derivatives that can influence the cellular and molecular responses. | Cell culture | (+) ↑ UVA induced exp of MMP-1 mRNA and HO-1 mRNA ~~~~~ N Add Vit E = supprssd MMP-1 mRNA exp |
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| Skin MOA | Eichler O | Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, betacarotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradiation in human fibroblastst. Eichler O, Sies H, Stahl W. Photochem Photobiol. 2002 May;75(5):503-6. |
2002 | Exposure of living organisms to UV light leads to photooxidative reactions. Peroxyl radicals are involved in the propagation of lipid peroxidation. Carotenoids are dietary antioxidants and show photoprotective effects in human skin, efficiently scavenging peroxyl radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Cultured human skin fibroblasts were used to examine the protective effects of the carotenoids, lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein on UVB-induced lipid peroxidation. The carotenoids were delivered to the cells using liposomes as the vehicle. The cells were exposed to UVB light for 20 min. Lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein were capable of decreasing UV-induced formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances at 1 h to levels 40-50% of controls free of carotenoids. The amounts of carotenoid needed for optimal protection were divergent at 0.05, 0.40 and 0.30 nmol/mg protein for lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein, respectively. Beyond the optimum levels, further increases of carotenoid levels in cells led to prooxidant effects. | Cell culture | (-) ↓ TBARS |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin MOA | Chiang HS | Lycopene inhibits PDGFBB-induced signaling and migration in human dermal fibroblasts through interaction with PDGF-BB. Chiang HS, Wu WB, Fang JY, Chen DF, Chen BH, Huang CC, Chen YT, Hung CF. Life Sci. 2007 Nov 10;81(21-22):1509-17. Epub 2007 Oct 2. |
2007 | In melanoma development and progression, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been suggested to modulate the microenvironment, especially stromal fibroblasts, to the benefit of melanoma growth, invasion, and metastasis. Lycopene, a natural carotenoid that is abundant in tomato, has been shown to inhibit proliferation of several types of cancer cells. However, little attention has been paid to skin fibroblasts and melanoma cells. In the present study, we determined the effects of lycopene on stromal fibroblasts and their interactions with melanoma cells. We found that lycopene inhibited PDGF-BB-induced human Hs68 skin fibroblast migration on gelatin and collagen. Further analysis showed that lycopene inhibited PDGF-BB-induced signaling in human Hs68 and primary cultured skin fibroblasts. PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of PDGF receptor beta (PDGFR-beta), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was attenuated by lycopene in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the total expression of each protein was not affected. Interestingly, dot binding assay revealed that lycopene could directly bind to human PDGF-BB in PBS and human plasma, indicating that lycopene can bind to PDGF-BB in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In functional studies, lycopene inhibited melanoma-induced fibroblast migration in a noncontact coculture system and attenuated signaling in fibroblasts simulated by melanoma-derived conditioned medium. Our results provide the first evidence showing that lycopene is an effective inhibitor of migration of stromal fibroblasts and this effect may contribute to its antitumor activity. | Cell culture | (-) ↓ cell proliferati on |
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| Skin MOA | Wu WB | Inhibitory effect of lycopene on PDGF-BBinduced signalling and migration in human dermal fibroblasts: a possible target for cancer. Wu WB, Chiang HS, Fang JY, Hung CF. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007 Nov;35(Pt 5):13778. |
2007 | Tumours are complex tissues composed of both matrix proteins and stromal cells such as fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Tumour progression is often the result of dynamic interactions between the tumour cells and their surroundings. Lycopene, a natural carotenoid that is abundant in tomato, has been shown to inhibit proliferation of several types of cancer cells through arrest of tumour cell-cycle progression, IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) signalling transduction, induction of apoptosis etc. However, in our recent study, we found that lycopene inhibited PDGF-BB (platelet-derived growth factor-BB)-induced signalling and cell migration in human cultured skin fibroblasts through a novel mechanism of action, i.e. direct binding to PDGF-BB. Trapping of PDGF by lycopene also compromised melanoma-induced fibroblast migration and attenuated signalling transduction in fibroblasts simulated by melanoma-derived conditioned medium, suggesting that lycopene may interfere with tumour-stroma interactions. The trapping activity of lycopene on PDGF suggests that it may act as an inhibitor on stromal cells, tumour cells and their interactions, which may contribute to its anti-tumour activity. | Cell culture | (-) ↓ tumor cell actions |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin MOA | Zefferino R | Mercury modulates interplay between IL1beta, TNF-alpha, and gap junctional intercellular communication in keratinocytes: mitigation by lycopene. Zefferino R, Leone A, Piccaluga S, Cincione R, Ambrosi L. J Immunotoxicol. 2008 Oct;5(4):353-60. |
2008 | Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is used to control cell proliferation. It is not surprising then that a lack of GJIC (i.e., during loss of contact inhibition among adjacent cells) is associated with cancer promotion/progression. There also seems to be a link between ineffective GJIC and increases in inflammatory events. Interestingly, many cytokines released during an inflammatory response also have critical roles in cancer cell survival. Specifically, TNFalpha and IL-1beta are important for initiating/augmenting CD8(+)- and NK-cell mediated killing; however, in what appears counterintuitive, each--at times--can act to protect cancer cells against apoptosis, a major mechanism for cell killing from within. It is thus plausible to assume that certain toxicants might act as cancer promoters in manners distinct from/augmentive of direct effects on DNA, i.e., by concurrently altering GJIC and cytokine formation in host or microenvironment of a cancer cell. Our research has evaluated effects of many toxicants upon keratinocytes; in particular, we have examined effects of mercury on GJIC and on TNFalpha and IL-1beta levels in (and secretion by) these cells. In the studies here, a tomato preparation (i.e., an oleoresin) bearing the antioxidant carotenoid lycopene was examined for its effects on GJIC and cytokine formation by keratinocytes in general, and its potential ability to mitigate/reverse the toxic effects of mercury in the cells in particular. It was shown that a 4-hr treatment with the oleoresin (containing 56, 6 nM lycopene) re-established GJIC among--and increased the formation of IL-1beta and TNFalpha that had been significantly reduced within--keratinocytes that had been pre-treated for 24 hr with 10 nM HgCl(2). These results show that effects of mercury likely depend on some level of oxidative stress and that its potential effects on keratinocyte GJIC and cytokine concentrations could, in an exposed host, be mitigated/reversed by increased dietary intake of carotenoids like lycopene. | Cell culture | (-) oleoresin | ||||
| SkinSpecial Interest | Bogdan Allemann I | Antioxidants used in skin care formulations. Bogdan Allemann I, Baumann L. Skin Therapy Lett. 2008 Sep;13(7):5-9. |
2008 | The formation of free radicals is a widely accepted pivotal mechanism leading to skin aging. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that can directly damage various cellular structural membranes, lipids, proteins, and DNA. The damaging effects of these reactive oxygen species are induced internally during normal metabolism and externally through various oxidative stresses. The production of free radicals increases with age, while the endogenous defense mechanisms that counter them decrease. This imbalance leads to the progressive damage of cellular structures, and thus, results in accelerated aging. Antioxidants are substances that can provide protection from endogenous and exogenous oxidative stresses by scavenging free radicals. Topical antioxidants are available in multivariate combinations through over-the-counter skin care products that are aimed at preventing the clinical signs of photoaging. | Discussion |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smokers | Gabriel HE | A comparison of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in the serum and buccal mucosa of chronic cigarette smokers versus nonsmokers. Gabriel HE, Liu Z, Crott JW, Choi SW, Song BC, Mason JB, Johnson EJ Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 May;15(5):993-9 |
2006 | BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking, a major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer, is reported to alter oral levels of carotenoids and tocopherols. Such effects may be important because these nutrients, as well as retinoids, are putative chemoprotective agents. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether chronic smoking is associated with altered concentrations of these nutrients in serum and buccal mucosa; to distinguish whether such effects are ascribable to diet; and to determine whether oral concentrations of these nutrients correlate with a putative biomarker of oral cancer risk. METHODS: Serum and buccal mucosal cells (BMC) were analyzed for these nutrients and for BMC micronuclei in smokers (n = 35) and nonsmokers (n = 21). RESULTS: General linear regression with adjustments for dietary intake showed that smokers possess lower serum concentrations of beta- and alpha-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin (P </= 0.01) and a significantly higher serum gamma-tocopherol (P = 0.03). In BMCs, smokers had significantly lower concentrations of beta- and alpha-carotene, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol (P < 0.05) but significantly higher gamma-tocopherol (P < 0.01). Among nonsmokers, many serum carotenoid concentrations correlated with concentrations of the corresponding nutrient in BMCs whereas no such correlations existed among smokers. BMC micronuclei did not correlate with the oral concentration of any micronutrient. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic cigarette smokers have lower concentrations of many dietary antioxidants in serum and BMCs compared with nonsmokers, an effect which is not entirely ascribable to diet. Nevertheless, the lack of concordance between oral concentrations of these nutrients and genetic damage in the BMCs of smokers does not support a protective role for these nutrients in oral carcinogenesis. |
CC | |||||
| Special interest | Ratnam DV | Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective. Ratnam DV, Ankola DD, Bhardwaj V, Sahana DK, Kumar MN. J Control Release. 2006 Jul 20;113(3):189-207. Epub 2006 May 13. |
2006 | Antioxidants are emerging as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. These are the agents, which scavenge free radicals otherwisereactive oxygen species and prevent the damage caused by them. Free radicals have been associated with pathogenesis of various disorders like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and are implicated in aging. Several antioxidants like SOD, CAT, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, lycopene, ellagic acid, coenzyme Q10, indole-3-carbinol, genistein, quercetin, vitamin C and vitamin E have been found to be pharmacologically active as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for above mentioned diseases. Antioxidants are part of diet but their bioavailability through dietary supplementation depends on several factors. This major drawback of dietary agents may be due to one or many of the several factors like poor solubility, inefficient permeability, instability due to storage of food, first pass effect and GI degradation. Conventional dosage forms may not result in efficient formulation owing to their poor biopharmaceutical properties. Principles of novel drug delivery systems need to be applied to significantly improve the performance of antioxidants. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) would also help in delivery of these antioxidants by oral route, as this route is of prime importance when antioxidants are intended for prophylactic purpose. Implication of NDDS for the delivery of antioxidants is largely governed by physicochemical characteristics, biopharmaceutical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters of the antioxidant to be formulated. Recently, chemical modifications, coupling agents, liposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles and gel-based systems have been explored for the delivery of these difficult to deliver molecules. Results from several studies conducted across the globe are positive and provided us with new anticipation for the improvement of human healthcare. | Review |
| Disease type |
First |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Special interest | Gomez-Romero M | Analytical determination of antioxidants in tomato: typical components of the Mediterranean diet. Gomez-Romero M, Arraez-Roman D, Segura-Carretero A, Fernandez-Gutiarrez A. J Sep Sci. 2007 Mar;30(4):452-61. |
2007 | Diets in the countries of the Mediterranean basin are characterised by abundant plant foods (fruits, vegetables, breads, nuts, seeds, wine, and olive oil) and include fish and low-fat dairy products. Among the vegetables, tomatoes are a main component of the traditional Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with health protection and longevity. Eating tomatoes has been associated with reduced risks of some types of cancer and other diseases. These beneficial properties appear to be related to the antioxidant content of the fruit, particularly carotenoids (lycopene and beta-carotene), ascorbic acid, and phenols, which may play a role in inhibiting reactions mediated by reactive oxygen species. Due to the importance of antioxidant compounds in tomatoes and tomato products, we present here an overview of current analytical methods (from 2000 until the present date) for determining the different antioxidants. The analytical procedures used to determine individual compounds involve extraction from the sample, analytical separation, and quantification. The choice of analytical method depends on the particular focus of the analysis and the kind of product analysed. High-performance liquid chromatography is the technique of choice for the analysis of tomato antioxidants. | Review | |||||
| Special interest | Darmon P | Oral nutritional supplements and taste preferences: 545 days of clinical testing in malnourished in-patients. Darmon P, Karsegard VL, Nardo P, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;27(4):660-5. Epub 2008 Jul 14. |
2008 | BACKGROUND & AIMS: Acceptability and intake of oral nutritional supplements are often suboptimal, partly because patients dislike flavour, texture or smell. We assessed the taste preferences about milk-based and fruit-juice typed supplements in malnourished in-patients. METHODS: One hundred and nine in-patients requiring oral nutritional support were assigned to consume four given supplements on four consecutive days, to answer a questionnaire based on a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) on acceptance/tolerance, and to choose their preferred product for the fifth day. RESULTS: Overall pleasantness was significantly better for milk-based supplements than for sweet and salty fruit-juice typed products (on VAS: 6.2+/-3.1 versus 4.4+/-3.9, p<0.01 and 3.5+/-3.4, p<0.0001, respectively, when 1 meant "not at all" and 10 "very much"), whereas digestive tolerance was comparable. When offered together on day 5, milk-based products were more frequently preferred (81.6%) than fruit-juice typed supplements (18.4%, p<0.001). Among milk-based products, vanilla, coffee and strawberry had comparable good results, whereas chocolate was less chosen and neutral never. For fruit-juice typed products, tomato obtained better results than orange or apple. CONCLUSIONS: Oral nutritional supplements are globally well-accepted and tolerated, but with variations according to categories and flavours that must be considered to improve compliance. |
Interv | (+) In patients needing oral nutrition, tomato flavor best |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Special interest | Martin L | Food products as vehicles for n-3 fatty acid supplementation. Martin L, Zarn D, Hansen AM, Wismer W, Mazurak V. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2008 Winter;69(4):203-7. |
2008 | PURPOSE: An n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplement was incorporated into three food products previously determined to be preferred by cancer patients, and overall acceptability of these foods was evaluated. METHODS: Preliminary testing was performed; an internal panel determined initial acceptability of foods with the supplement added. Taste panel evaluations were held at the Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton, Alberta. Each participant completed a questionnaire rating aroma, flavour, and overall acceptance on a seven-point hedonic scale (1 = dislike extremely, 7 = like extremely), as well as ability to consume each food daily. RESULTS: Foods were well-liked by patients and non-patients. Mean +/- standard deviation acceptance scores for the three foods were pasta sauce 5.9 +/- 0.94 (n=90), oatmeal 6.1 +/- 0.88 (n=79), and smoothie 5.9 +/- 1.12 (n=126). Overall, 94% of patients and non-patients gave tomato pasta sauce, oatmeal, and the smoothie an acceptance score of at least 5. CONCLUSIONS: The supplement was incorporated successfully into three foods, which were highly accepted by patients with cancer. Further research should focus on incorporating the supplement into flavoured or sweet foods, as these appear most effective. Microencapsulated fish oil in food products may be used as an alternative to fish oil capsules for delivering n-3 PUFA in clinical trials. |
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| Special interest | Najm W | Dietary supplements commonly used for prevention. Najm W, Lie D. Prim Care. 2008 Dec;35(4):749-67. |
2008 | The use of complimentary and alternative medicine is on the rise. This article reviews some of the commonly used herbal supplements and others focusing mainly on disease prevention. A summary table of medical conditions is provided, and when possible, a summary of efficacy and safety is provided to facilitate decision making. |
| Disease type |
First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation |
Date | Abstract | Study Type |
G.Tom +, N, |
P.Tom +, N, |
F.Tom +, N, - |
Lyco +, N, |
Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Special interest | Epriliati I | Nutriomic analysis of fresh and processed fruit products. 1. During in vitro digestions. Epriliati I, D'Arcy B, Gidley M. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Apr 22;57(8):3363-76. |
2009 | Nutriomic analysis is a postgenomic-based study of nutritious components (nutriome). There is a need for an in vitro digestion and absorption model to unravel interactive factors varying nutriome release from various food materials that cannot be directly studied in humans. Effects of processing and in vitro digestion steps on carotenoid, sugar, and organic acid release from tomato, papaya, and mango products were comprehensively studied for the first time in this research. In vivo chewing experiments using 24 healthy adult volunteers was carried out prior to chewing simulation. Microscopy showed that cutting and blending alone were unlikely to mimic chewing at swallowing point. Using general linear model (GLM) ANOVA and principal component analysis (PCA), effects of interaction between digestion steps and processing types on the nutriome release were significant (p < 0.05) when 90% particles of 0.5 (dried) and 1.5 cm (fresh) were digested in vitro. Generally, dried and fresh fruits released lower levels of nutriome components than juices. PCA indicated nutriome release from tomato products was affected by the factors studied more than those from papaya and mango products. Fruit type is the main determinant factor relative to processing and digestion steps because it determines the extent of matrix that breaks down and consequent nutriome diffusion rates. It is predicted that pectin plays a role in determining the rate of nutriome release and absorption, which requires further investigation. | Interv | ↓ nutrinome compone nts released from dried/fres h fruit vs juice | ||||
| Validation Study | Dixon LB | Carotenoid and tocopherol estimates from the NCI diet history questionnaire are valid compared with multiple recalls and serum biomarkers. Dixon LB, Subar AF, Wideroff L, Thompson FE, Kahle LL, Potischman N. J Nutr. 2006 Dec;135(12):3054-61. |
2006 | To improve the measurement of usual dietary intake, the National Cancer Institute developed a cognitively based Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ), which has been validated against four 24-h dietary recalls (4 24-HR) for energy, macronutrients, and several vitamins and minerals. This analysis used data from The Eating at America's Table Study (EATS) to determine the validity of estimates for carotenoids and tocopherols from the DHQ. Over the course of a year, 163 participants provided 1 or 2 blood samples and completed the DHQ and 4 24-HR. For both the DHQ and the 4 24-HR, crude correlations between serum and diet were modest to strong for the provitamin A carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin), low to modest for lycopene, and very low for lutein. The individual dietary tocopherols were weakly correlated with the serum tocopherols, but vitamin E from food and dietary supplements was strongly and positively correlated with serum alpha-tocopherol and strongly and inversely correlated with serum gamma-tocopherol for both instruments. Adjustment for energy, BMI, smoking status, serum total cholesterol, and serum triacylglycerol did not appreciably change the correlations. Using the method of triads, validity coefficients for the DHQ were comparable to the 4 24-HR and were especially strong for alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, and total vitamin E in men and gamma-tocopherol and total vitamin E in women. In this study, there was no advantage of 2 blood samples over 1, suggesting reasonably stable ranking of individuals for these biomarkers, which is important for large epidemiologic studies that typically obtain only 1 blood sample for biomarker status. |
| Disease type | First Author | Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin status | Rock CL | Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins: baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study. Rock CL, Thornquist MD, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Cooper DA, Neuhouser ML, Neumark-Sztainer D, Cheskin LJ. J Nutr. 1999 Apr;129(4):855-64. |
1999 | Biochemical measures of nutrients or other dietary constituents can be an important component of nutritional assessment and monitoring. However, accurate interpretation of the nutrient concentration is dependent on knowledge of the determinants of the body pool measured. The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of serum carotenoid and fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in a large, community-based sample (n = 1042). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine effects of demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education), health-related behavior (exercise, sun exposure, smoking, alcohol consumption), and intake (diet, supplements) on serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alpha-tocopherol, phylloquinone, and carotenoid concentrations. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, vitamin A intake, and alcohol consumption were found to be determinants of serum retinol concentration. Race/ethnicity, vitamin D intake, body mass index, smoking status, and sun exposure were determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Determinants of serum alpha-tocopherol were age, sex, race/ethnicity, alpha-tocopherol intake, serum cholesterol, percentage of energy from fat (inversely related), supplement use, and body mass index. Age, sex, phylloquinone intake, serum triglycerides, and supplement use were determinants of serum phylloquinone concentration. Primary determinants of serum carotenoids were age, sex, race/ethnicity, carotenoid intake, serum cholesterol, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and smoking status. Overall, the demographic, dietary, and other lifestyle factors explained little of the variability in serum concentrations of retinol (R2 = 0.20), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (R2 = 0.24), and the carotenoids (R2 = 0.15-0.26); only modest amounts of the variability in serum phylloquinone concentration (R2 = 0.40); and more substantial amounts of the variability in serum alpha-tocopherol concentration (R2 = 0.62). | CS | (+) ↑ serum carotenoi ds |
