Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) - Tomato/Tomato-based foods and Disease Risk
Critical Findings
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
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| Heart: MI | Lockhart MS | Dietary patterns, food groups and myocardial infarction: a case-control study. Lockheart MS, Stefen LM, Rebnord HM, Fimreite RL, Ringstad J, Thell DS, Pedersen JI, Jacobs DR Jr. Br J Nutr. 2007 Aug: 98(2):380-7. Epub 2007 Mar 29. | 2007 | Certain dietary patterns may be related to the risk of CVD. We hypothesised that a plant-centred dietary pattern would be associated with a reduced risk of first myocardial infarction (MI). A case-control study of Norwegian men and postmenopausal women (age 45-75 years) was performed. A FFQ was administered, generally within 3 d after incident MI (n 106 cases). Controls (n 105) were frequency matched on sex, age and geographic location. On the FFQ, 190 items were categorised into thirty-five food groups and an a priori healthy diet pattern score was created. We estimated OR using logistic regression with adjustment for energy intake, family history of heart disease, marital status, current smoking, education and age. Among food groups, the risk of MI was significantly higher per SD of butter and margarine (OR 1.66 (95 % CI 1.12, 2.46)), and lower per SD of tomatoes (OR 0.53 (95 % CI 0.35, 0.79)), high-fat fish (OR 0.57 (95 % CI 0.38, 0.86)), wine (OR 0.58 (95 % CI 0.41, 0.83)), salad (OR 0.59 (95 % CI 0.40, 0.87)), whole grain breakfast cereals (OR 0.64 (95 % CI 0.45, 0.90)), cruciferous vegetables (OR 0.66 (95 % CI 0.47, 0.93)) and non-hydrogenated vegetable oil (OR 0.68 (95 % CI 0.49, 0.95)). An abundance of cases were found to have a low a priori healthy diet pattern score. A dietary pattern emphasising nutrient-rich plant foods and high-fat fish and low in trans fatty acids was associated with decreased risk of MI among Norwegians. | CC | (-) | ||||
| Heart: MI Stroke | Sesso HD | Dietary lycopene, tomato-based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. Sesso HD, Liu S, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. J Nutr. 2003 Jul;133(7):2336-41. | 2003 | In addition to the inverse association of dietary lycopene with various cancers, studies suggest a role for lycopene in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. We determined whether the intake of lycopene or tomato-based foods is associated with the risk of CVD in a prospective cohort of 39,876 middle-aged and older women initially free of CVD and cancer. Participants completed a food-frequency questionnaire and provided self-reports of coronary risk factors. Dietary lycopene levels were divided into quintiles, and primary lycopene food sources (total tomato-based products, including tomatoes, tomato juice, tomato sauce and pizza) were categorized. During 7.2 y of follow-up, 719 CVD cases (including myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization and CVD death) occurred. Compared with women in the 1st quintile of lycopene, those in increasing quintiles had multivariate relative risks (RR) of CVD of 1.11, 1.14, 1.15 and 0.90 (P for trend = 0.34). For the consumption of tomato-based products, women consuming 1.5 to <4, 4 to <7, 7 to <10 and >or=10 servings/wk had RR (95% CI) of CVD of 1.02 (0.82-1.26), 1.04 (0.82-1.31), 0.68 (0.49-0.96) and 0.71 (0.42-1.17) (P for trend = 0.029) compared with women consuming <1.5 servings/wk. Among lycopene food sources, those in the highest levels of tomato sauce (>or=2 servings/wk) and pizza intake (>or=2 servings/wk), with multivariate RR of 0.76 (0.55-1.05) and 0.66 (0.37-1.18), respectively, had potential reductions in CVD risk. Dietary lycopene was not strongly associated with the risk of CVD. However, the possible inverse associations noted for higher levels of tomato-based products, particularly tomato sauce and pizza, with CVD suggest that dietary lycopene or other phytochemicals consumed as oil-based tomato products confer cardiovascular benefits. | PC | (-) | (-) | N |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
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| Heart: oxidation | Parfitt VJ | A comparison of antioxidant status and free radical peroxidation of plasma lipoproteins in healthy young persons from Naples and Bristol. Parfitt VJ, Rubba P, Bolton C, Marotta G, Hartog M, Mancini M. Eur Heart J. 1994 Jul;15(7):871-6. | 1994 | Ischaemic heart disease mortality is much lower in Southern Italy than in the U.K. and this is not entirely explained by differences in classical risk factors. Differences in antioxidant intake, affecting free radical peroxidation of plasma lipoproteins, may be relevant. Therefore, dietary intake, antioxidant status and plasma lipid peroxidation were compared in healthy young persons eating typical regional diets from Naples (22) and Bristol (26). The Naples group consumed more fresh tomatoes, more fat as monounsaturates (from olive oil) and had higher plasma levels of the lipid antioxidants vitamin E (mean (SD; 95% CI) 29.1 (4.5; 26.8 to 31.3) vs 25.1 (3.86; 23.4 to 26.8) mumol.l-1, P = 0.005) and beta-carotene (4.74 (1.2; 4.14 to 5.34) vs 2.85 (0.8; 2.5 to 3.2) mumol.l-1, P < 0.001). Intakes of vitamin C, total uncooked fruit and vegetables, plasma vitamin A, serum selenium and copper levels were similar. All indices of plasma lipid peroxidation were significantly lower in the Naples group: conjugated dienes (median (interquartile range; non-parametric 95% CI)) 29 (21.5-39.9; 24 to 36.7) vs 41.5 (37-48.5; 38 to 44.5) mumol.l-1, P < 0.001; diene conjugation index 1.38 (1.02-1.55; 1.06 to 1.49) x 10(-2) vs 1.57 (1.43-1.74; 1.44 to 1.71) x 10(-2), P = 0.019; lipid peroxides (geometric mean (95% CI) 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) vs 4.58 (3.84 to 5.46) mumol.l-1, P < 0.001. | CS | (-) | Diet pattern Lipid ox |
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| Heart: oxidation | Mancini M | Antioxidants in the Mediterranean diet. Mancini M, Parfitt VJ, Rubba P. Can J Cardiol. 1995 Oct;11 Suppl G:105G-109G | 1995 | It has been suggested that antioxidant vitamins or other antioxidants might inhibit the oxidation of low density lipoproteins into a particularly atherogenic form and preserve endothelial function. Antioxidants in the Mediterranean diet have been evaluated in relation to cardiovascular disease protection in this area. Observational epidemiologic data obtained from case-control, cohort or cross-cultural studies have consistently suggested that persons, such as those living in the Mediterranean area, who consume large amounts of antioxidant vitamins have a lower than average risk of cardiovascular disease. In another cross-cultural comparison, dietary intake, antioxidant status and plasma lipid peroxidation were compared in healthy young persons in Naples (Southern Italy) who consumed typical regional foods, and in Bristol (UK). The Naples group consumed more tomatoes and tomato juice, a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (from olive oil) and had a higher level of lipid antioxidant vitamin E (P = 0.005) and of beta carotene (P < 0.001) than the Bristol group. The intake of vitamin C, fresh fruit and vegetables, plasma vitamin A, serum selenium and copper levels did not differ. Several indices of plasma lipid peroxidation were significantly lower in the Naples group: conjugated dienes (P < 0.001), diene conjugation index (P = 0.019), lipid peroxides (P < 0.001). Dietary habits leading to relatively low levels of oxidized lipoproteins might contribute to the lower risk of coronary artery disease in Southern Italy. | CS | (-) | LDL ox Lipid perox Diet pattern |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
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| Heart: oxidation | Dugas TR | Dietary supplementation with beta-carotene, but not with lycopene, inhibits endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprot ein. Dugas TR, Morel DW, Harrison EH. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 May;26(9-10):123844 | 1999 | Carotenoids may protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidation, a process implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Our previous studies showed that in vitro enrichment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with beta-carotene protected it from cell-mediated oxidation. However, in vitro enrichment with either lutein or lycopene actually enhanced oxidation of the LDL. In the present studies we have examined the impact of LDL carotenoid content on its oxidation by human aortic endothelial cells (EaHy-1) in culture, comparing the effects of in vivo supplementation with in vitro enrichments. The beta-carotene content in human LDL was increased three- to sixfold by daily supplementation with 15 mg beta-carotene for 4 weeks, and the lycopene content of LDL in other individuals was increased two- to threefold by ingestion of one glass (12 ounce) of tomato juice daily for 3 weeks. LDL isolated from these healthy, normolipidemic donors not taking supplemental carotenoid was incubated at 0.25 mg protein/ml with EaHy-1 cells in Ham's F-10 medium for up to 48 h. Following dietary beta-carotene supplementation, LDL oxidation (as assessed by formation of lipid hydroperoxides) was markedly inhibited, to an even greater extent than was observed for LDL enriched in vitro with beta-carotene (that resulted in an 11- to 12-fold increase in LDL beta-carotene). No effect on cell-mediated oxidation was observed, however, for LDL enriched in vivo with lycopene. Thus, beta-carotene appears to function as an antioxidant in protecting LDL from cell-mediated oxidation although lycopene does not. The fact that the three- to sixfold enrichments of LDL with beta-carotene achieved by dietary supplementation were more effective in inhibiting oxidation than the 11- to 12-fold enrichments achieved by an in vitro method suggests that dietary supplementation is a more appropriate procedure for studies involving the enrichment of lipoprotein with carotenoids. | Interv | N | LDL ox | |||
| Heart: oxidation | Rehman A | Tomato consumption modulates oxidative DNA damage in humans. Rehman A, Bourne LC, Halliwell B, Rice-Evans CA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Sep 7;262(3):82831. | 1999 | Consumption of a single serving of tomatoes by healthy human volunteers was sufficient to alter levels of oxidative DNA base damage in white cell DNA within 24 h. Levels of the mutagenic oxidized purine base 8-hydroxyguanine decreased, especially in those subjects whose initial levels of this base were higher than the mean. However, total DNA base damage remained unchanged since levels of 8-hydroxyadenine rose. The ability of tomato consumption to modulate oxidative DNA damage in the short term may indicate why daily consumption of fruits and vegetables is beneficial in decreasing cancer incidence. | Interv | (-)/N | DNA ox |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
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| Heart: oxidation | Sutherland WH | Supplementation with tomato juice increases plasma lycopene but does not alter susceptibility to oxidation of low-density lipoproteins from renal transplant recipients. Sutherland WH, Walker RJ, De Jong SA, Upritchard JE. Clin Nephrol. 1999 Jul;52(1):30-6 | 1999 | AIM: Oxidative stress and susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to oxidation are increased in renal transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with tomato juice on plasma levels of the antioxidant lycopene, serum indices of lipid peroxidation (fluorescent lipid oxidation products (FLOP) and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS)) and the resistance of isolated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidation (lag time) in patients with a kidney graft. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients were randomized to daily consumption of either tomato juice or synthetic orange drink for 4 weeks in a crossover study. Plasma lycopene levels were significantly higher (1.57 micromol/l versus 0.91 micromol/l, p = 0.015) while serum FLOP and TBARS and resistance of LDL to oxidation were not significantly different during supplementation with tomato juice compared with orange drink. At baseline, serum levels of lycopene and FLOP were abnormally high and serum FLOP was correlated significantly with plasma cyclosporine levels (r = 0.646, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these data suggest that increased oxidative stress and susceptibility of LDL to oxidation may not be reduced by increasing plasma lycopene levels with regular consumption of tomato juice in renal transplant recipients. | Interv | N | LDL Ox Lipid perox |
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| Heart: oxidation | Bub A | Moderate intervention with carotenoid-rich vegetable products reduces lipid peroxidation in men. Bub A, Watzl B, Abrahamse L, Delincee H, Adam S, Wever J, Muller H, Rechkemmer G. J Nutr. 2000 Sep;130(9):2200-6. | 2000 | Because of their antioxidant properties, carotenoids may have beneficial effects in preventing cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, in humans consuming carotenoid-rich vegetables, data concerning the antioxidant effects of carotenoids are rather scarce. A human intervention trial was conducted, therefore, to determine whether a moderately increased consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables would influence the antioxidant status in 23 healthy men. This short-term feeding study lasted 8 wk during which the men consumed a low carotenoid diet. A 2-wk low carotenoid period was followed by daily consumption of 330 mL tomato juice, then by 330 mL carrot juice and then by 10 g of spinach powder, each for 2 wk. Antioxidant status [water-soluble antioxidants in serum, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and antioxidant enzyme activities] and lipid peroxidation (plasma malondialdehyde and ex vivo oxidation of LDL) were determined. In a subgroup of 10 men, lipoprotein carotenoids were measured. The consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables significantly increased selected carotenoids in lipoproteins but had only minor effects on their relative distribution pattern. Tomato juice consumption reduced plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 12% (P: < 0.05) and lipoprotein oxidizability in terms of an increased lag time (18%, P: < 0.05). Carrot juice and spinach powder had no effect on lipid peroxidation. Water-soluble antioxidants, FRAP, glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities did not change during any study period. In evaluating the low carotenoid diet, we conclude that the additional consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetable products enhanced lipoprotein carotenoid concentrations, but only tomato juice reduced LDL oxidation in healthy men. | Interv | (-) | Ox stress Anti-ox status |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
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| Heart: oxidation | Chopra M | Influence of increased fruit and vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers. Chopra M, O'Neill ME, Keogh N, Wortley G, Southon S, Thurnham DI. Clin Chem. 2000 Nov;46(11):181829. | 2000 | BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies suggest a cardioprotective role for carotenoid-rich foods. Smokers have a high risk of cardiovascular disease and low dietary intake and plasma concentrations of carotenoids. The aim of this study was to determine the carotenoid response of smokers and nonsmokers to increased intake of 300-400 g of vegetables and its effect on LDL oxidation. METHODS: After a depletion period of 8 days, 34 healthy females (18 nonsmokers, 16 smokers) were supplemented with beta-carotene- and lutein-rich (green) and lycopene-rich (red) vegetable foods, each for 7 days. RESULTS: Baseline concentrations (mean +/- SD) of plasma beta-carotene (0.203+/-0.28 micromol/L vs. 0.412+/-0.34 micromol/L; P <0.005) and lutein (0.180 +/-0.10 vs. 0.242+/-0.11 micromol/L; P<0.05) but not lycopene (0.296+/-0.10 vs. 0.319+/-0.33 micromol/L) were significantly lower in smokers compared with nonsmokers. After supplementation, the change (supplementation minus depletion) in plasma beta-carotene (0.152+/- 0.43 vs. 0.363+/-0.29 micromol/L in smokers vs. nonsmokers; P = 0.002) and LDL lutein (0.015+/-0.03 vs. 0.029+/-0.03 micromol/mmol cholesterol; P = 0.01) was significantly lower in smokers than nonsmokers. Green-vegetable supplementation had no effect on the resistance of LDL to oxidation (lag-phase) in either group. After red-vegetable supplementation, plasma and LDL lycopene concentrations were increased in both groups, but only nonsmokers showed a significant increase in the lag-phase (44.9+/-9.5 min at baseline, 41.4+/-6.5 min after depletion, and 49.0+/-8.9 min after supplementation; P<0.01) compared with depletion. CONCLUSIONS: In this short-term intervention study, a dietary intake of >40 mg/day of lycopene by a group of nonsmoking individuals significantly reduced the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation, whereas an equivalent increase in lycopene by a group of smokers showed no such effect. | Interv | (-)/N | (N) Smokers (-) Nonsmokers LDL ox |
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| Heart: oxidation | Porrini M | Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. Porrini M, Riso P. J Nutr. 2000 Feb;130(2):189-92. | 2000 | Several epidemiologic studies have suggested a role of tomato products in protecting against cancer and chronic diseases. In nine adult women, we evaluated whether the consumption of 25 g tomato puree (containing 7 mg lycopene and 0.3 mg beta-carotene) for 14 consecutive days increased plasma and lymphocyte carotenoid concentration and whether this was related to an improvement in lymphocyte resistance to an oxidative stress (500 micromol/L hydrogen peroxide for 5 min). Before and after the period of tomato intake, carotenoid concentrations were analyzed by HPLC and lymphocyte resistance to oxidative stress by the Comet assay, which detects DNA strand breaks. Intake of tomato puree increased plasma (P <0.001) and lymphocyte (P<0.005) lycopene concentration and reduced lymphocyte DNA damage by approximately 50% (P<0.0001). Beta-carotene concentration increased in plasma (P<0.05) but not in lymphocytes after tomato puree consumption. An inverse relationship was found between plasma lycopene concentration (r = -0.82, P<0.0001) and lymphocyte lycopene concentration (r = -0.62, P<0.01) and the oxidative DNA damage. In conclusion, small amounts of tomato puree added to the diet over a short period can increase carotenoid concentrations and the resistance of lymphocytes to oxidative stress. | Interv | (-) ↓ DNA damage (comet assay) |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
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| Heart: oxidation | Porrini M | Spinach and tomato resistance to oxidative stress but this is not related to cell carotenoid concentrations. Porrini M, Riso P, Oriani G. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Jun;41(3):95-100. | 2002 | BACKGROUND: The increased consumption of fruit and vegetables has been linked to protection against different chronic diseases, but the dietary constituents responsible for this association have not been clearly identified. AIM OF THE STUDY: We evaluated the effect of spinach and spinach+tomato puree consumption on cell DNA resistance to an oxidative stress. METHODS: To this aim, in a dietary controlled intervention study, 9 healthy female volunteers consumed a basal diet low in carotenoids (< 600 microg/day) enriched with daily portions (150 g) of spinach (providing about 9 mg lutein, 0.6 mg zeaxanthin, 4 mg beta-carotene) for 3 weeks (from day 0 to day 21) followed by a 2 week wash-out period (basal diet) and finally another 3 weeks (from day 35 to day 56) of diet enriched with daily portions of spinach (150 g) + tomato puree (25 g, providing about 7 mg lycopene, 0.3 mg beta-carotene). At the beginning and the end of each period of vegetable intake, blood samples were collected for lymphocyte separation. Carotenoid concentrations of lymphocytes were determined by HPLC and DNA damage was evaluated by the comet assay following an ex vivo treatment with H2O2. RESULTS: During the first period of spinach consumption, lymphocyte lutein concentration did not increase significantly (1.6 to 2.2 mol/1012 cells) while lycopene and beta-carotene concentrations decreased significantly (1.0 to 0.1 mol/1012 cells, P < 0.001 and 2.2 to 1.2 mol/1012 cells, P < 0.05, respectively). Lutein and lycopene concentrations increased after spinach+tomato puree consumption (1.2 to 3.5 mol/1012 cells, P < 0.01, and 0.1 to 0.7 mol/1012 cells, P < 0.05, respectively). The increase may be attributed to the addition of tomato puree to spinach; however, the different concentrations of carotenoids in lymphocytes registered at the beginning of the two intervention periods may have affected the results. DNA resistance to H2O2 insult increased significantly after both the enriched diets (P < 0.01); however, no "additive effect" was seen after spinach + tomato puree consumption. In the spinach + tomato intervention period an inverse correlation was observed between lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA damage, but this seems not able to explain the protection observed. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of carotenoid-rich foods even for a short period of time gives protection against oxidative stress. The results obtained seem to suggest that this protective role is not specifically related to carotenoids. However they may contribute together with other substances present in vegetables to lymphocyte resistance to oxidative damage. | Interv | N | DNA ox Healthy |
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| Heart: oxidation | Hadley CW | The consumption of processed tomato products enhances plasma lycopene concentrations in association with a reduced lipoprotein sensitivity to oxidative damage. Hadley CW, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):727-32 | 2003 | Lycopene, the predominant carotenoid in tomatoes, is hypothesized to mediate the health benefits of tomato products. We designed a study to examine the change in plasma lycopene and resistance of lipoproteins to ex vivo oxidative stress. Healthy individuals (n = 60; age >40 y; 30 men/30 women) consumed a lycopene-free diet for 1 wk and were subsequently randomized to receive 35 +/- 1, 23 +/- 1 or 25 +/- 1 mg lycopene/d from Campbell's Condensed Tomato Soup (CS), Campbell's Ready To Serve Tomato Soup (RTS) or V8 Vegetable Juice (V8), respectively, for 15 d. Total plasma lycopene concentrations decreased from 0.499 +/- 0.044 to 0.322 +/- 0.027 (35%, P < 0.0001) micro mol/L for the 60 participants during the 7-d washout period. After intervention, total lycopene concentrations increased for those consuming CS, RTS and V8 (compared with the washout period for each group) to 0.784 +/- 0.083 (123%, P < 0.0001), 0.545 +/- 0.061 (57%, P < 0.01) and 0.569 +/- 0.061 (112%, P < 0.0001) micro mol/L, respectively. The concentrations of all lycopene isomers decreased during the washout period. As a percentage of plasma total lycopene isomers for the 60 subjects, all-trans-lycopene decreased from 44.4 +/- 1.2 to 39.6 +/- 1.2 (P < 0.0001), whereas total cis-lycopene isomers increased from 55.6 +/- 1.2 to 60.4 +/- 1.2 (P < 0.0001) during the washout period, a shift that was reversed by consumption of tomato products for 15 d. The ex vivo lipoprotein oxidation lag period, used as a measure of antioxidant capacity, increased significantly from 64.7 +/- 2.4 min at the end of the washout period (all groups) to 70.1 +/- 4.0 (P < 0.05), 68.3 +/- 2.4 (P < 0.05) and 71.7 +/- 4.0 min (P < 0.01) after treatment for the CS, RTS and V8 groups, respectively. This study shows that lycopene concentrations and isomer patterns change rapidly with variation in dietary intake. In addition, 15 d of tomato product consumption significantly enhanced the protection of lipoproteins to ex vivo oxidative stress. | Interv | (-) | ↓ LDL ox |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
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| Heart: oxidation | Visioli F | Protective activity of tomato products on in vivo markers of lipid oxidation. Visioli F, Riso P, Grande S, Galli C, Porrini M. Eur J Nutr. 2003 Aug;42(4):201-6. | 2003 | BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that regular consumption of tomato products improves antioxidant defenses due to their endogenous antioxid ant compounds, notably lycopene. AIM OF THE STUDY: We evaluated the effects of tomato consumption on parameters of lipid oxidation in healthy human volunteers. METHODS: Twelve females (enrolled at T-7), after a one-week of carotenoid-poor diet (T0), were instructed to supplement the same diet with different tomato products (raw, sauce, and paste), thereby providing approximately eight mg lycopene/day for three weeks (T21). Blood samples were periodically collected in order to evaluate plasma carotenoid concentrations, plasma antioxidant capacity, and susceptibility of LDL to metal ion-induced oxidation. Furthermore, 8-iso-PGF(2alpha), a marker of in vivo oxidative stress, was analyzed in the 24-hour urine. RESULTS: Carotenoid concentrations decreased significantly during the carotenoid-poor diet (P < 0.05), while lycopene concentrations increased significantly after tomato consumption (P < 0.001). The antioxidant capacity of plasma did not vary during the study. Conversely, LDL oxidizability decreased after tomato consumption, as demonstrated by a shortening of the lag phase (P < 0.001). This parameter was significantly correlated with lycopene concentration (r = 0.36, P < 0.05). The excretion of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) in urine was also significantly lower (-53%, P < 0.05 compared with T0) after tomato supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: These results further support a role for tomato products in the prevention of lipid peroxidation, a risk factor of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. | Interv | (-) | Anti-ox capacity LDL ox Ox stress |
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| Heart: oxidation | Rao AV | Processed tomato products as a source of dietary lycopene: bioavailability and antioxidant properties. Rao AV. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2004 Winter;65(4):161-5. | 2004 | Oxidative stress is one of the major contributors to increased risk of chronic diseases. A diet rich in tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene, a carotenoid antioxidant, has been found to protect against these chronic diseases by mitigating oxidative damage. The study aim was to evaluate the effects of a long-term tomato-rich diet, consisting of various processed tomato products, on bioavailability and antioxidant properties of lycopene. Seventeen healthy human subjects (ten men, seven non-pregnant women) participated in the study. Following a two-week washout period during which subjects avoided foods containing lycopene, all subjects consumed test tomato products including tomato juice, tomato sauce, tomato paste, ketchup, spaghetti sauce, and ready-to-serve tomato soup providing 30 mg of lycopene a day for four weeks. At the end of treatment, serum lycopene level increased significantly (p <0.05), from 181.79 +/- 31.25 to 684.7 +/- 113.91 nmol/L. Similarly, total antioxidant potential increased significantly (p <0.05), from 2.26 +/- 0.015 to 2.38 +/- 0.17 mmol/L Trolox equivalent. Lipid and protein oxidation was reduced significantly (p <0.05). The results suggest that a tomato-rich diet containing different sources of lycopene can increase serum lycopene levels and reduce oxidative stress effectively. | Interv | (-) | Lipid ox Prot ox |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
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| Heart: oxidation | Riso P | Lycopene and vitamin C concentrations increase in plasma and lymphocytes after tomato intake. Effects on cellular antioxidant protection. Riso P, Visioli F, Erba D, Testolin G, Porrini M. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;58(10):1350-8. | 2004 | OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to verify whether the regular consumption of small amounts of tomato products can protect lymphocyte DNA and lipids from oxidative damage. DESIGN: Standardized dietary intervention. SUBJECTS: Twelve healthy female subjects (mean age 25.2 y). INTERVENTION: Subjects were instructed to follow a standardized diet for 1 week, followed by 3 weeks consumption of the same diet enriched with small amounts of different tomato products providing as a mean 8 mg lycopene, 0.5 mg beta-carotene and 11 mg vitamin C per day. Plasma and lymphocyte concentrations of carotenoids, vitamin C and vitamin E were analysed. Ex vivo protection of lymphocyte DNA from oxidative injury produced by iron ions was evaluated by means of the Comet assay, and lipid peroxidation by HPLC analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS: Dietary intervention with tomato products increased lycopene concentration both in plasma (P < 0.001) and lymphocytes (P < 0.01). Vitamin C concentrations increased by approximately 35% in plasma (P < 0.05) and by approximately 230% in lymphocytes (P < 0.005). Vitamin E decreased significantly in plasma (P < 0.0001) but not in lymphocytes. Finally, there was an improved protection from DNA oxidative damage (P < 0.05) with no significant effect on MDA levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that tomato products are not only good sources of lycopene but also sources of bioavailable vitamin C. A Regular intake of small amounts of tomato products can increase cell protection from DNA damage induced by oxidant species. This effect may originate from the synergism of different antioxidants present in tomatoes. | Interv | (-)/N | DNA ox Lipid ox |
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| Heart: oxidation | Tyssandier V | Effect of tomato product consumption on the plasma status of antioxidant microconstituents and on the plasma total antioxidant capacity in healthy subjects. Tyssandier V, Feillet-Coudray C, Caris-Veyrat C, Guilland JC, Coudray C, Bureau S, Reich M, Amiot-Carlin MJ, Bouteloup-Demange C, Boirie Y, Borel P. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Apr;23(2):148-56. | 2004 | OBJECTIVES: to identify the plasma antioxidant microconstituents mainly affected by tomato product consumption, to check whether tomato product consumption can affect antioxidant status, and to identify tomato-product antioxidant-microconstituents mainly involved in the effect of these products on oxidative stress. DESIGN: Medium-term dietary supplementation study. SETTING: Human Nutrition Laboratory, Clermont-Ferrand, France. SUBJECTS: Twenty healthy young (20 < years < 40), non obese (18 < BMI (kg/m2) < 25), females were recruited by advertisement. All of them completed the study. INTERVENTION: The usual diet of the subjects was supplemented for three weeks with 96 g/day tomato puree. The volunteers then avoided tomato-product-rich foods for a subsequent three-week period. Measures of Outcome: Fasting blood samples were collected the day before supplementation, the day after the supplementation period, and the day after the depletion period. The status of several antioxidant microconstituents (plasma microconstituent concentrations), and the antioxidant status (plasma total antioxidant capacity) were assessed. RESULTS: Supplementation with tomato puree significantly increased plasma lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein. Conversely it did not significantly affect plasma vitamin C and E, plasma antioxidant trace metals (Cu, Zn and Se), and plasma total antioxidant capacity. Avoidance of tomato-product-rich foods for three weeks significantly (p < 0.05) decreased plasma lycopene, beta-carotene, lutein and vitamin C, as well as plasma total antioxidant capacity. Plasma total antioxidant capacity, as measured by chemiluminescence, was positively related (p < 0.05) to the status of lycopene, vitamin C and beta-carotene. CONCLUSIONS: Tomato product consumption can affect not only the lycopene status, but also that of other antioxidant microconstituents (beta-carotene and lutein). Lycopene, but also beta-carotene, are apparently the main tomato microconstituents responsible for the effect of tomato products on antioxidant status. | Interv | (-) | (-) Anti-ox status/ capacity |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: oxidation | Bose KS | Effect of long term supplementation of tomatoes (cooked) on levels of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation rate, lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bose KS, Agrawal BK. West Indian Med J. 2006 Sep;55(4):274-8. | 2006 | The objective of the present study is to evaluate the beneficial effect of tomatoes, which are a rich source of lycopene, a relatively new carotenoid known to play an important role in human health. In this study, the lipid peroxidation rate was investigated by estimating malondialdehyde (TBARS) levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GSH-Px, GR, GSH, lipid profile, which includes total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, and glycated haemoglobin HbA1c in (n = 40) the Type 2 diabetic group (n = 40) and an age-matched control group (n = 50). Significantly lower levels of antioxidant enzymes and very high lipid peroxidation rate in the Type 2 diabetic group were observed when compared to controls (p < 0.001). Likewise, significantly higher levels of lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diabetic group were observed when compared with control (p < 0.001). Long term tomato supplementation in diabetes mellitus showed a significant improvement in the levels of antioxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation rate (p < 0.001), but there were no significant changes in lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin HbA1c levels (p > 0.10). These findings suggest that tomato lycopene may have considerable therapeutic potential as an antioxidant but there was no significant lipid lowering effect in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. | Interv | (-) | Ox | |||
| Heart: oxidation | Sanchez-Moreno C | Mediterranean vegetable soup consumption increases plasma vitamin C and decreases F2isoprostanes, prostaglandin E2 and monocyte chemot actic protein-1 in healthy humans. Sanchez-Moreno C, Cano MP, de Ancos B, Plaza L, Olmedilla B, Granado F, Martin A. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Mar;17(3):183-9. Epub 2005 Aug 15. | 2006 | Consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes including heart disease and stroke. In this work, the bioavailability of vitamin C from a Mediterranean vegetable soup (gazpacho) constituted mainly of tomato, pepper and cucumber, and its influence on plasma vitamin C, 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-epi-PGF2alpha), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and the cytokines/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 concentrations in a healthy human population were assessed. Six men and six women consumed 500 ml of commercial gazpacho per day for 14 days, corresponding to an intake of 78 mg of ascorbic acid per day. There were no differences (P = .22) in baseline plasma vitamin C concentrations between the men and women. The maximum increase (P < .05) in plasma vitamin C occurred 4 h postdose in both men and women. Vitamin C concentrations were significantly higher (P < .03) on Days 7 and 14 of the intervention. Baseline concentrations of uric acid and 8-epi-PGF2alpha were significantly higher (P < or = .032) in men than in women. Baseline concentrations of 8-epi-PGF2alpha decreased significantly (P < or = .05) by Day 14 of the intervention. A significant inverse correlation was observed between vitamin C and 8-epi-PGF2alpha (r = -.415, P = .049). Baseline concentrations of PGF2 and MCP-1 were significantly higher (P< or = .025) in men than in women but decreased significantly (P< or = .05) by Day 14 of the intervention. No effect on TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 was observed at Day 14 of the intervention. Drinking gazpacho (500 ml/day) significantly increases plasma concentrations of vitamin C and significantly decreases 8-epi-PGF2alpha, PGE2 and MCP-1 concentrations in healthy humans. | Interv | (-)/N | Emph. on Vit C ox and cytokines |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: oxidation | Bose KS | Effect of lycopene from cooked tomatoes on serum antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation rate and lipid profile in coronary heart disease. Bose KS, Agrawal BK. Singapore Med J. 2007 May;48(5):415-20. | 2007 | INTRODUCTION: This present study aims to evaluate the beneficial effect of tomatoes, a rich source of lycopene, which is a relatively new carotenoid known to play an important role in human health and disease. METHODS: We investigated the lipid peroxidation rate by estimating malondialdehyde (MDA), levels of serum enzymes involved in antioxidant activities such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione and lipid profile, which includes total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein in a coronary heart disease (CHD) group and an age-matched control group. RESULTS: We observed significantly lower levels of serum antioxidant enzymes and very high lipid peroxidation rate in the CHD group, when compared to the controls (p-value is less than 0.001). At the same time, we observed significantly higher levels of lipids in the CHD group, when compared to the controls (p-value is less than 0.001). 60 days of tomato supplementation in the CHD group showed a significant improvement in the levels of serum enzymes involved in antioxidant activities and decreased lipid peroxidation rate (p-value is less than 0.001), but there were no significant changes in lipid profile (p-value is greater than 0.10). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that tomato lycopene may have considerable therapeutic potential as an antioxidant but may not be used as a hypolipidaemic agent in CHD. | Interv | (-) | Ox | |||
| Heart: oxidation | Riso P | Does tomato consumption effectively increase the resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage? Riso P, Pinder A, Santangelo A, Porrini M. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):712-8. | 1999 | BACKGROUND: Lycopene, the main carotenoid in tomato, has been shown to be a potent antioxidant in vitro. However, there is no significant evidence of its antioxidant action in vivo. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of tomato intake on plasma carotenoid concentrations and lymphocyte resistance to oxidative stress. DESIGN: Ten healthy women (divided into 2 groups of 5 subjects each) ate a diet containing tomato puree (providing 16.5 mg lycopene) and a tomato-free diet for 21 d each in a crossover design. Before and after each diet period, plasma carotenoid concentrations and primary lymphocyte resistance to oxidative stress (evaluated by means of single-cell gel electrophoresis) were analyzed. RESULTS: After the first 21-d experimental period, total plasma lycopene concentrations increased by 0.5 micromol/L (95% CI: 0.14, 0.87) in the group that consumed the tomato diet and decreased by 0.2 micromol/L (95% CI: -0.11, -0.30) in the group that consumed the tomato-free diet (P < 0.001). Tomato consumption also had an effect on cellular antioxidant capacity: lymphocyte DNA damage after ex vivo treatment with hydrogen peroxide decreased by 33% (95% CI: 0.8%, 61%; P < 0.05) and by 42% (95% CI: 5.1%, 78%; P < 0.05) in the 2 groups of subjects after consumption of the tomato diet. CONCLUSION: The consumption of tomato products may reduce the susceptibility of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage | RCT | (-) | DNA ox |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: oxidation | Steinberg FM | Antioxidant vitamin supplementation and lipid peroxidation in smokers. Steinberg FM, Chait A. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jun;69(6):1292. | 1999 | Previous studies have shown that cigarette smoke enhances lipid peroxidation. This study examined the effect of daily consumption of a tomato-based juice supplemented with vitamin C (600 mg), vitamin E (400 IU, or 400 mg), and beta-carotene (30 mg) on various indexes of lipid peroxidation (breath pentane excretion and susceptibility of LDL to copper-mediated oxidation) in smokers. In addition, plasma lycopene and vitamin concentrations and total peroxyl radical trapping potential, a measure of antioxidant defenses, were assessed. Relative to the placebo juice, the vitamin-supplemented juice resulted in a significant decrease in breath-pentane excretion as well as a significant improvement in the resistance of LDL to oxidation. The lag phase of conjugated diene formation lengthened and the propagation rate decreased, indicating a decreased susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification. Increased concentrations of plasma vitamin C, beta-carotene, and lycopene were found to be significantly correlated with the conjugated diene lag phase and rate of formation. Vitamin E was highly correlated with beta-carotene. Plasma total peroxyl radical trapping potential values did not change in response to supplementation. This study thus indicates that an antioxidant-supplemented drink can reduce lipid peroxidation and susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in smokers and may ameliorate the oxidative stress of cigarette smoke. | RCT | (-)/N | LDL ox | |||
| Heart: oxidation | Upritchard JE | Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inf lammatory activity in type 2 diabetes. Upritchard JE, Sutherland WH, Mann JI. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jun;23(6):733-8. | 2000 | OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of short-term dietary supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and circulating levels of C-reactive protein (C-RP) and cell adhesion molecules in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: There were 57 patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes aged <75 years treated with placebo for 4 weeks and then randomized to receive tomato juice (500 ml/day), vitamin E (800 U/day), vitamin C (500 mg/day), or continued placebo treatment for 4 weeks. Susceptibility of LDL to oxidation (lag time) and plasma concentrations of lycopene, vitamin E, vitamin C, C-RP, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were measured at the beginning of the study, after the placebo phase, and at the end of the study. RESULTS: Plasma lycopene levels increased nearly 3-fold (P = 0.001), and the lag time in isolated LDL oxidation by copper ions increased by 42% (P = 0.001) in patients during supplementation with tomato juice. The magnitude of this increase in lag time was comparable with the corresponding increase during supplementation with vitamin E (54%). Plasma C-RP levels decreased significantly (-49%, P = 0.004) in patients who received vitamin E. Circulating levels of cell adhesion molecules and plasma glucose did not change significantly during the study. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that consumption of commercial tomato juice increases plasma lycopene levels and the intrinsic resistance of LDL to oxidation almost as effectively as supplementation with a high dose of vitamin E, which also decreases plasma levels of C-RP, a risk factor for myocardial infarction, in patients with diabetes. These findings may be relevant to strategies aimed at reducing risk of myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes. | RCT | (-)/N | LDL ox CRP ICAM VCAM |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: oxidation | Lee CY | Limited antioxidant effect after consumption of a single dose of tomato sauce by young males, despite a rise in plasma lycopene. Lee CY, Isaac HB, Huang SH, Long LH, Wang H, Gruber J, Ong CN, Kelly RP, Halliwell B. Free Radic Res. 2009 Jun;43(6):622-8. | 2009 | This study investigated the effect of a single dose of tomato sauce on healthy male volunteers in a randomized crossover study. Healthy male subjects (n = 10) were enrolled. Placebo (rice and olive oil) or tomato (tomato sauce, rice and olive oil) meals were provided to the volunteers. Blood and urine samples were taken before consumption of meal (0 h) and 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 h after meal. Consumption of tomato sauce increased plasma lycopene level by 5-22%, with a maximum level at 24 h (p<0.01) after the meal. Levels of plasma F(2)-isoprostanes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid products, allantoin and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine did not change after either meal, but urinary F(2)-isoprostanes (p<0.05) significantly decreased at 48 h compared to 0 h after the tomato sauce meal. This study showed that a single dose of tomato sauce meal had only a limited antioxidant effect in vivo. | RCT | (-)/N | PP ox stress markers 48 h urinary marker¯ |
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| Heart: oxidation | Briviba K | Supplementation of a diet low in carotenoids with tomato or carrot juice does not affect lipid peroxidation in plasma and feces of healthy men. Briviba K, Schnabele K, Rechkemmer G, Bub A. J Nutr. 2004 May;134(5):1081-3. | 2004 | Antioxidant properties of carotenoids are thought to be at least partly responsible for the protective effects of fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids against colon cancer. There are large amounts of in vitro data supporting this hypothesis. But there is little known about the antioxidant effects of carotenoid-rich food in vivo particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. In a randomized, crossover trial, healthy men (n = 22) who were consuming a low-carotenoid diet drank 330 mL/d tomato juice or carrot juice for 2 wk. Antioxidant capacity was assessed by the "lag time" of ex vivo LDL oxidation induced by copper and lipid peroxidation as determined by measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma and feces using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Although consumption of both carotenoid-rich juices for 2 wk increased the carotenoid level in plasma and feces (P < 0.001), the antioxidant capacity of LDL tended to be increased by only approximately 4.5% (P = 0.08), and lipid peroxidation in the men's plasma and feces was not affected. Thus, processes other than lipid peroxidation could be responsible for the preventive effects of tomatoes and carrots against colon cancer. | RCT | (-) ↑ lagtime LDLox |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: oxidation | Bub A | Paraoxonase 1 Q192R (PON1-192) polymorphism is associated with reduced lipid peroxidation in healthy young men on a low-carotenoid diet supplemented with tomato juice. Bub A, Barth SW, Watzl B, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G. Br J Nutr. 2005 Mar;93(3):291-7. | 2005 | The HDL-bound enzyme paraoxonase (PON) protects LDL from oxidation and may therefore attenuate the development of atherosclerosis. We examined the effect of tomato and carrot juice consumption on PON1 activity and lipid peroxidation in healthy young volunteers with different PON1-192 genotypes (Q/R substitution at position 192). In this randomized cross-over study twenty-two healthy, non-smoking men on a low-carotenoid diet received 330 ml/d tomato juice (37.0 mg lycopene, 1.6 mg beta-carotene) or carrot juice (27.1 mg beta-carotene, 13.1 mg alpha-carotene) for 2 weeks. Intervention periods were preceded by 2-week low-carotenoid intake. We determined the PON1-192 genotype by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) and measured ex vivo LDL oxidation (lag time), plasma malondialdehyde and PON1 activity at the beginning and end of each intervention period. At baseline, lag time was higher (P<0.05) in QQ (111 (sd 9) min) than in QR/RR subjects (101 (sd 8) min). Neither tomato nor carrot juice consumption had significant effects on PON1 activity. However, tomato juice consumption reduced (P<0.05) plasma malondialdehyde in QR/RR (Delta: -0.073 (sd 0.11) micromol/l) as compared to QQ subjects (Delta:+0.047 (sd 0.13) micromol/l). Carrot juice had no significant effect on malondialdehyde irrespective of the PON1-192 genotype. Male volunteers with the QR/RR genotype showed an increased lipid peroxidation at baseline. Although tomato and carrot juice fail to affect PON1 activity, tomato juice intake reduced lipid peroxidation in healthy volunteers carrying the R-allele of the PON1-192 genotype and could thus contribute to CVD risk reduction in these individuals. | RCT | (-) ↓ MDA in QR/RR ~~~~ N both QQ and QR/RR groups: PON(-)1 activity & LDLox |
(+) ↑ plasma [lyco] Ox |
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| Heart: CHF | Wood N | The relationship between tomato intake and congestive heart failure risk in periodontitis subjects. Wood N, Johnson RB. J Clin Periodontol. 2004 Jul;31(7):574-80. | 2004 | BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between monthly tomato consumption (MTC) and serum lycopene (sLyco) levels, and a self-reported history of congestive heart failure (CHF) in individuals with periodontitis using data available in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). METHODS: Adult participants in NHANES III were used in this study. Zero to thirty three percent of sites with a periodontal attachment loss (PAL) of >3 mm was considered a healthy periodontium, while greater than >33% of sites with PAL of >3 mm as periodontitis. The outcome variable was the self-reported history of CHF. MTC and sLyco levels were categorized into quartiles. Data was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, anova and multivariate analyses using SPSS(R). p<0.05 was used to reject the null hypothesis. RESULTS: Individuals with periodontitis showed a dose-response relationship between dietary MTC and self-reported CHF risk; moderate MTC (risk ratio (RR), 3.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-9.67), low MTC (RR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.33-8.24) (p<0.05) and very low MTC (RR, 5.10; 95% CI, 1.67-15.57) (p<0.01), adjusting for confounders of both diseases (periodontitis and CHF). The moderate sLyco level-healthy periodontium group showed a significant decrease in CHF risk (RR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.07-0.84) (p<0.05), adjusting for confounders. Significant inverse dose-response relationships were seen between sLyco and C-reactive protein, and MTC and white blood cell count in periodontitis subjects, respectively (p<0.05). MTC was correlated with sLyco concentration (r=-0.018, p<0.05), adjusting for confounders abolished that significance. CONCLUSIONS: A relationship exists between periodontitis and CHF risk, and high MTC appears to affect this relationship in a positive direction in periodontitis subjects. | CS | (-) | (-) | CRP |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: inflammat ion | Watzl B | Supplementation of a lowcarotenoid diet with tomato or carrot juice modulates immune functions in healthy men. Watzl B, Bub A, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G. Ann Nutr Metab. 2003;47(6):255-61. | 2003 | BACKGROUND: Beta-carotene has been shown to enhance immune functions in humans. Whether vegetables rich in carotenoids, such as beta-carotene or lycopene, modulate immune functions in healthy humans is presently not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a low-carotenoid diet supplemented with either tomato (providing high amounts of lycopene) or carrot juice (providing high amounts of alpha- and beta-carotene) on immune functions in healthy men. METHOD: In a blinded, randomized, cross-over study, male subjects on a low-carotenoid diet consumed 330 ml/day of either tomato juice (37.0 mg/day lycopene) or carrot juice (27.1 mg/day beta-carotene and 13.1 mg/day alpha-carotene) for 2 weeks with a 2-week depletion period after juice intervention. Immune status was assessed by measuring lytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells, secretion of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, TNFalpha), and proliferation by activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS: Juice consumption resulted in relatively fast responses in plasma carotenoid concentrations (p < 0.0002) which were not accompanied by concomitant changes in immune functions. For IL-2, NK cell cytotoxicity, and lymphocyte proliferation, maximum responses were observed during depletion periods. The highest production rate was measured only for TNFalpha at the end of the first intervention period. Juice intervention did not modulate the secretion of IL-4. CONCLUSIONS: Increased plasma carotenoid concentrations after vegetable juice consumption are accompanied by a time-delayed modulation of immune functions in healthy men consuming a low-carotenoid diet. | RCT | N | ||||
| Heart: inflammat ion, endotheli al | Blum A | Tomato-rich (Mediterranean) diet does not modify inflammatory markers. Blum A, Monir M, Khazim K, Peleg A, Blum N. Clin Invest Med. 2007;30(2):E70-4. | 2007 | BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean diet is rich in lycopene and has been reported to reduce cardiovascular events. The mechanism of prevention of cardiovascular events has not been clearly established. Our aim was to study the effects of a tomatoes-rich diet on markers of vascular inflammation. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were determined by ELISA in 103 apparently healthy volunteers. Volunteers were randomly assigned to two groups: 50 participants ate 300 g tomatoes daily for 1 month, and 53 participants ate their usual diet with tomatoes prohibited during that period. Markers of inflammation were measured before enrollment and 1 month after their assigned diet. RESULTS: The two diet groups had similar baseline clinical characteristics and similar baseline levels of inflammatory markers. After 30 days of assigned diet concentrations of hs-CRP, E-selectin and ICAM-1 were unchanged compared with baseline in the tomato-rich diet. However, ICAM-1 concentration was increased in the regular diet group from 247.55+/-55 ng/ml to 264.71+/-60.42 ng/ml (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanisms of benefit of the tomato-rich diet are not directly related to inhibition of markers of vascular inflammation | RCT | N | CRP E-selectin ICAM |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: MI | Gallus S | Pizza and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Gallus S, Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;58(11):1543-6. | 2004 | OBJECTIVES: Pizza eating has been favourably related to the risk of cardiovascular disease, but the data are limited. To evaluate the potential role of pizza consumption on the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), we considered data from an Italian study. DESIGN: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study on 507 cases of nonfatal AMI and 478 controls in Milan, Italy, between 1995 and 1999. RESULTS: The multivariate odds ratios were 0.78 for occasional, 0.62 for regular and 0.44 for frequent eaters. The estimates were similar across strata of age, sex, smoking and other major covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the ingredients of pizza have been shown to have a favourable influence on the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there is no single explanation for the present findings. Pizza may in fact represent a general indicator of Italian diet, that has been shown to have potential cardiovascular benefits. | CC | (-) | (-)pizza | |||
| Heart: oxidation | Briviba K | No differences in DNA damage and antioxidant capacity between intervention groups of healthy, nonsmoking men receiving 2, 5, or 8 servings/day of vegetables and fruit. Briviba K, Bub A, Moseneder J, Schwerdtle T, Hartwig A, Kulling S, Watzl B. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(2):164-70. | 2008 | The effects of different intake levels of vegetables and fruit (VF) on some cancer-relevant biomarkers such as DNA damage and oxidative stress were investigated. In a randomized controlled trial, 64 nonsmoking male subjects were asked to consume a diet with 2 servings of VF/day for 4 wk. Then subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups with either a low (2 servings/day), medium (5 servings/day), or high (8 servings/day) intake level of VF for another 4 wk. At the end of study, the plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene but not cryptoxanthin and lycopene concentrations were significantly higher in subjects consuming 8 servings/day than in those receiving 2 servings/day. Different levels of VF consumption and plasma carotenoid concentrations did not result in differences in the levels of endogenous DNA strand breaks, oxidative DNA damage, antigenotoxic capacity of lymphocytes, plasma markers for lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2alpha) and antioxidant capacity [trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity assay]. Thus, although consumption of 8 servings vs 2 servings/day of VF for 4 wk significantly increased the carotenoid level in plasma, there were no differences in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant capacity markers among healthy, well-nourished, nonsmoking men. | RCT | N | ↑ plasma [lyco] across all groups ~~~~~ N DNA damage, lipid peroxidati on, anti- ox capacity |
| Disease type | First Author |
Study Title and Complete Citation | Date | Abstract | Study Type | G.Tom +, N, | P.Tom +, N, | F.Tom +, N, - | Lyco +, N, | Other +, N, |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart: oxidation, inflammat ion | Jacob K | Influence of lycopene and vitamin C from tomato juice on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Jacob K, Periago MJ, Bahm V, Berruezo GR. Br J Nutr. 2008 Jan;99(1):137-46. Epub 2007 Jul 19. | 2008 | A human study was carried out to investigate whether tomato juice, rich in natural lycopene and fortified with vitamin C, is able to reduce several biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and whether the effect can be attributed to lycopene, vitamin C or any other micronutrient. Following a 2-week depletion phase, volunteers were assigned randomly to ingest either tomato juice with (LC) or without (L) vitamin C fortification for 2 weeks (daily dose 20.6 mg lycopene and 45.5/435 mg vitamin C). Plasma and urine were analysed for carotenoids and vitamin C, lipid status, antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-epi-PGF2alpha, protein carbonyls, cytokines IL-1beta and TNFalpha and C-reactive protein (CRP). The consumption of tomato juice led to a reduction in total cholesterol levels (L: 157.6 v. 153.2 mg/dl, P = 0.008; LC: 153.4 v. 147.4 mg/dl, P = 0.002) and that of CRP (L: 315.6 v. 262.3 microg/l, P = 0.017; LC: 319.2 v. 247.1 microg/l, P = 0.001) in both groups. The vitamin C-fortified juice slightly raised the antioxidant capacity in urine and decreased TBARS in plasma and urine. All other markers were affected to a lesser extent or remained unchanged. Cholesterol reduction was correlated with lycopene uptake (P = 0.003), whereas the other effects could not be related with particular micronutrients. Any beneficial effects of tomato consumption for human health cannot be attributed only to lycopene and, as the additional supplementation with ascorbic acid indicates, a variety of antioxidants might be needed to optimize protection against chronic diseases. | RCT | (-) ↓ chol (TC) ↓ CRP |
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| Heart: T2DM | Liese AD | Food intake patterns associated with incident type 2 diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Liese AD, Weis KE, Schulz M, Tooze JA. Diabetes Care. 2009 Feb;32(2):263-8. Epub 2008 Nov 25. | 2009 | OBJECTIVE: Markers of hemostasis and inflammation such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to identify food intake patterns influencing this pathway and evaluate their association with incident diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study cohort included 880 middle-aged adults initially free of diabetes. At the 5-year follow-up, 144 individuals had developed diabetes. Usual dietary intake was ascertained with a 114-item food frequency questionnaire. Using reduced rank regression, we identified a food pattern maximizing the explained variation in PAI-1 and fibrinogen. Subsequently, the food pattern-diabetes association was evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS: High intake of the food groups red meat, low-fiber bread and cereal, dried beans, fried potatoes, tomato vegetables, eggs, cheese, and cottage cheese and low intake of wine characterized the pattern, which was positively associated with both biomarkers. With increasing pattern score, the odds of diabetes increased significantly (Ptrend < 0.01). After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratio comparing extreme quartiles was 4.3 (95% CI 1.7-10.8). Adjustment for insulin sensitivity and secretion and other metabolic factors had little impact (4.9, 1.8-13.7). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide support for potential behavioral prevention strategies, as we identified a food intake pattern that was strongly related to PAI-1 and fibrinogen and independently predicted type 2 diabetes. | PC | (+) tomato intake = ↑ PAI-1 and ↑ fibrinogen |
